Journal Description
Molecules
Molecules
is the leading international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of chemistry. Molecules is published semimonthly online by MDPI. The International Society of Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids (IS3NA), the Spanish Society of Medicinal Chemistry (SEQT) and the International Society of Heterocyclic Chemistry (ISHC) are affiliated with Molecules and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Reaxys, CaPlus / SciFinder, MarinLit, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Chemistry, Multidisciplinary) / CiteScore - Q1 (Chemistry (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Sections: published in 26 topical sections.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Molecules.
- Companion journals for Molecules include: Foundations and Photochem.
Impact Factor:
4.6 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.9 (2022)
Latest Articles
A Review of Sisal Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymers: Preparation, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2401; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102401 (registering DOI) - 20 May 2024
Abstract
The early strength of geopolymers (GPs) and their composites is higher, and the hardening speed is faster than that of ordinary cementitious materials. Due to their wide source of raw materials, low energy consumption in the production process, and lower emissions of pollutants,
[...] Read more.
The early strength of geopolymers (GPs) and their composites is higher, and the hardening speed is faster than that of ordinary cementitious materials. Due to their wide source of raw materials, low energy consumption in the production process, and lower emissions of pollutants, they are considered to have the most potential to replace ordinary Portland cement. However, similar to other inorganic materials, the GPs themselves have weak flexural and tensile strength and are sensitive to micro-cracks. Improving the toughness of GP materials can be achieved by adding an appropriate amount of fiber materials into the matrix. The use of discrete staple fibers shows great potential in improving the toughness of GPs. Sisal is a natural fiber that is reproducible and easy to obtain. Due to its good mechanical properties, low cost, and low carbon energy usage, sisal fiber (SF) is a GP composite reinforcement with potential development. In this paper, the research progress on the effect of SF on the properties of GP composites in recent decades is reviewed. It mainly includes the chemical composition and physical properties of SFs, the preparation technology of sisal-reinforced geopolymers (SFRGs), the microstructure analysis of the interface of SFs and the GP matrix, and the macroscopic mechanical properties of SFRGs. The properties of SFs make them have good bonding properties with the GP matrix. The addition of SFs can improve the flexural strength and tensile strength of GP composites, and SFRGs have good engineering application prospects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Macromolecular Chemistry)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Activity and Tubulin Dynamics Modulation of 1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl Hydrazones in Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231
by
Denitsa Yancheva, Maria Argirova, Irina Georgieva, Vanya Milanova, Maya Guncheva, Miroslav Rangelov, Nadezhda Todorova and Rumiana Tzoneva
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2400; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102400 (registering DOI) - 20 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
(1) Background: The aim of the work is the evaluation of in vitro antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of four benzimidazole derivatives containing colchicine-like and catechol-like moieties with methyl group substitution in the benzimidazole ring against highly invasive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and
[...] Read more.
(1) Background: The aim of the work is the evaluation of in vitro antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of four benzimidazole derivatives containing colchicine-like and catechol-like moieties with methyl group substitution in the benzimidazole ring against highly invasive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and their related impairment of tubulin dynamics. (2) Methods: The antiproliferative activity was assessed with the MTT assay. Alterations in tubulin polymerization were evaluated with an in vitro tubulin polymerization assay and a docking analysis. (3) Results: All derivatives showed time-dependent cytotoxicity with IC50 varying from 40 to 60 μM after 48 h and between 13 and 20 μM after 72 h. Immunofluorescent and DAPI staining revealed the pro-apoptotic potential of benzimidazole derivatives and their effect on tubulin dynamics in living cells. Compound 5d prevented tubulin aggregation and blocked mitosis, highlighting the importance of the methyl group and the colchicine-like fragment. (4) Conclusions: The benzimidazole derivatives demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity towards MDA-MB-231 by retarding the initial phase of tubulin polymerization. The derivative 5d containing a colchicine-like moiety and methyl group substitution in the benzimidazole ring showed potential as an antiproliferative agent and microtubule destabilizer by facilitating faster microtubule aggregation and disrupting cellular and nuclear integrity.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
An N-Rich Polymer for the Selective Recovery of Gold from Wastewater
by
Haonan Dong, Ge Shang, Yi Zhang, Enrui Dai, Mingdong Shao, Chunfeng Chen, Hongxing He, Zhifeng Nie, Mingyang Xiong, Deren Miao and Sibiao Zhao
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2398; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102398 (registering DOI) - 20 May 2024
Abstract
The recovery of valuable gold from wastewater is of great interest because of the widespread use of the precious metal in various fields and the pollution generated by gold-containing wastes in water. In this paper, a water-insoluble cross-linked adsorbent material (TE) based on
[...] Read more.
The recovery of valuable gold from wastewater is of great interest because of the widespread use of the precious metal in various fields and the pollution generated by gold-containing wastes in water. In this paper, a water-insoluble cross-linked adsorbent material (TE) based on cyanuric chloride (TCT) and ethylenediamine (EDA) was designed and used for the adsorption of Au(III) from wastewater. It was found that TE showed extremely high selectivity (D = 49,213.46) and adsorption capacity (256.19 mg/g) for Au(III) under acidic conditions. The adsorption rate remained above 90% eVen after five adsorption–desorption cycles. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model, suggesting that physical adsorption with a multilayer molecular overlay dominates. Meanwhile, the adsorption mechanism was obtained by DFT calculation and XPS analysis, and the adsorption mechanism was mainly the electrostatic interaction and electron transfer between the protonated N atoms in the adsorbent (TE) and AuCl4−, which resulted in the redox reaction. The whole adsorption process was the result of the simultaneous action of physical and chemical adsorption. In conclusion, the adsorbent material TE shows great potential for gold adsorption and recovery.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Porous Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Opportunities, Challenges, and Scientific Progress in Hemp Crops
by
Kacper Piotr Kaminski, Julia Hoeng, Fernando Goffman, Walter K. Schlage and Diogo Latino
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102397 (registering DOI) - 20 May 2024
Abstract
The resurgence of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has been propelled by changes in the legal framework governing its cultivation and use, increased demand for hemp-derived products, and studies recognizing the industrial and health benefits of hemp. This has led to the creation
[...] Read more.
The resurgence of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has been propelled by changes in the legal framework governing its cultivation and use, increased demand for hemp-derived products, and studies recognizing the industrial and health benefits of hemp. This has led to the creation of novel high-cannabidiol, low-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol varieties, enabling hemp crop expansion worldwide. This review elucidates the recent implications for hemp cultivation in Europe, with a focus on the legislative impacts on the cultivation practices, prospective breeding efforts, and dynamic scientific landscape surrounding this crop. We also review the current cultivars’ cannabinoid composition of the European hemp market and its major differences with that of the United States.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cannabis and Hemp Research)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Novel 9-Methylanthracene Derivatives as p53 Activators for the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme
by
Yuxin Feng, Yingjie Wang, Xiaoxue Li, Ziqiang Sun, Sihan Qiang, Hongbo Wang and Yi Liu
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2396; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102396 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme, a highly aggressive and lethal brain tumor, is a substantial clinical challenge and a focus of increasing concern globally. Hematological toxicity and drug resistance of first-line drugs underscore the necessity for new anti-glioma drug development. Here, 43 anthracenyl skeleton compounds as
[...] Read more.
Glioblastoma multiforme, a highly aggressive and lethal brain tumor, is a substantial clinical challenge and a focus of increasing concern globally. Hematological toxicity and drug resistance of first-line drugs underscore the necessity for new anti-glioma drug development. Here, 43 anthracenyl skeleton compounds as p53 activator XI-011 analogs were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their cytotoxic effects. Five compounds (13d, 13e, 14a, 14b, and 14n) exhibited good anti-glioma activity against U87 cells, with IC50 values lower than 2 μM. Notably, 13e showed the best anti-glioma activity, with an IC50 value up to 0.53 μM, providing a promising lead compound for new anti-glioma drug development. Mechanistic analyses showed that 13e suppressed the MDM4 protein expression, upregulated the p53 protein level, and induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis based on Western blot and flow cytometry assays.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development II)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessCommunication
Extraction of Dibenzyl Disulfide from Transformer Oils by Acidic Ionic Liquid
by
Lili Zhang, Pei Peng, Qian Pan, Fang Wan and Huaxin Zhang
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2395; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102395 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Abstract: In recent years, dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS) in transformer oils has caused many transformer failures around the world, and its removal has attracted more attention. In this work, nine imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were applied as effective, green desulfurization extractants for DBDS-containing
[...] Read more.
Abstract: In recent years, dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS) in transformer oils has caused many transformer failures around the world, and its removal has attracted more attention. In this work, nine imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were applied as effective, green desulfurization extractants for DBDS-containing transformer oil for the first time. The results show that the desulfurization ability of the ILs for DBDS followed the order of [BMIM]FeCl4 > [BMIM]N(CN)2 > [BMIM]SCN > [BMIM](C4H9O)2PO2 > [BMIM]MeSO4 > [BMIM]NTf2 > [BMIM]OTf > [BMIM]PF6 > [BMIM]BF4. Especially, [BMIM]FeCl4 ionic liquid had excellent removal efficiency for DBDS, with its S partition coefficient KN (S) being up to 2642, which was much higher than the other eight imidazolium-based ILs. Moreover, the extractive performance of [BMIM]FeCl4 increased with an increasing molar ratio of FeCl3 to [BMIM]Cl, which was attributed to its Lewis acidity and fluidity. [BMIM]FeCl4 ionic liquid could also avail in the desulfurization of diphenyl sulfide (DPS) from model oils. The experimental results demonstrate that π−π action, π-complexation, and Lewis acid−base interaction played important roles in the desulfurization process. Finally, the ([BMIM]FeCl4) ionic liquid could be recycled five times without a significant decrease in extractive ability.
Full article
Open AccessReview
Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants as Potential Adjuvants in the Treatment of Mild Acne Vulgaris
by
Mariateresa Cristani and Nicola Micale
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2394; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102394 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of medicinal plants and phytochemicals as potential treatments for acne vulgaris. This condition, characterized by chronic inflammation, predominantly affects adolescents and young adults. Conventional treatment typically targets the key factors contributing
[...] Read more.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of medicinal plants and phytochemicals as potential treatments for acne vulgaris. This condition, characterized by chronic inflammation, predominantly affects adolescents and young adults. Conventional treatment typically targets the key factors contributing to its development: the proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes and the associated inflammation. However, these treatments often involve the use of potent drugs. As a result, the exploration of herbal medicine as a complementary approach has emerged as a promising strategy. By harnessing the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants and phytochemicals, it may be possible to address acne vulgaris while minimizing the reliance on strong drugs. This approach not only offers potential benefits for individuals seeking alternative treatments but also underscores the importance of natural remedies of plant origin in dermatological care. The primary aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of plants and their phytochemical constituents in the management of mild acne vulgaris. A comprehensive search of scientific databases was conducted from 2018 to September 2023. The findings of this review suggest that medicinal plants and their phytochemical components hold promise as treatments for mild acne vulgaris. However, it is crucial to note that further research employing high-quality evidence and standardized methodologies is essential to substantiate their efficacy and safety profiles.
Full article
Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Recent Advancements in Metallic Au- and Ag-Based Chitosan Nanocomposite Derivatives for Enhanced Anticancer Drug Delivery
by
Mahmoud A. El-Meligy, Eman M. Abd El-Monaem, Abdelazeem S. Eltaweil, Mohamed S. Mohy-Eldin, Zyta M. Ziora, Abolfazl Heydari and Ahmed M. Omer
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2393; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102393 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
The rapid advancements in nanotechnology in the field of nanomedicine have the potential to significantly enhance therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. There is considerable promise for enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapy through the manufacture of innovative nanocomposite materials. Metallic nanoparticles have been
[...] Read more.
The rapid advancements in nanotechnology in the field of nanomedicine have the potential to significantly enhance therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. There is considerable promise for enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapy through the manufacture of innovative nanocomposite materials. Metallic nanoparticles have been found to enhance the release of anticancer medications that are loaded onto them, resulting in a sustained release, hence reducing the dosage required for drug administration and preventing their buildup in healthy cells. The combination of nanotechnology with biocompatible materials offers new prospects for the development of advanced therapies that exhibit enhanced selectivity, reduced adverse effects, and improved patient outcomes. Chitosan (CS), a polysaccharide possessing distinct physicochemical properties, exhibits favorable attributes for controlled drug delivery due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. Chitosan nanocomposites exhibit heightened stability, improved biocompatibility, and prolonged release characteristics for anticancer medicines. The incorporation of gold (Au) nanoparticles into the chitosan nanocomposite results in the manifestation of photothermal characteristics, whereas the inclusion of silver (Ag) nanoparticles boosts the antibacterial capabilities of the synthesized nanocomposite. The objective of this review is to investigate the recent progress in the utilization of Ag and Au nanoparticles, or a combination thereof, within a chitosan matrix or its modified derivatives for the purpose of anticancer drug delivery. The research findings for the potential of a chitosan nanocomposite to deliver various anticancer drugs, such as doxorubicin, 5-Fluroacil, curcumin, paclitaxel, and 6-mercaptopurine, were investigated. Moreover, various modifications carried out on the chitosan matrix phase and the nanocomposite surfaces to enhance targeting selectivity, loading efficiency, and pH sensitivity were highlighted. In addition, challenges and perspectives that could motivate further research related to the applications of chitosan nanocomposites in cancer therapy were summarized.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Advanced Biomedical Applications, 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
IrO2 Oxygen Evolution Catalysts Prepared by an Optimized Photodeposition Process on TiO2 Substrates
by
Angeliki Banti, Christina Zafeiridou, Michail Charalampakis, Olga-Niki Spyridou, Jenia Georgieva, Vasileios Binas, Efrosyni Mitrousi and Sotiris Sotiropoulos
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102392 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Preparing high-performance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with low precious metal loadings for water electrolysis applications (e.g., for green hydrogen production) is challenging and requires electrically conductive, high-surface-area, and stable support materials. Combining the properties of stable TiO2 with those of active
[...] Read more.
Preparing high-performance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with low precious metal loadings for water electrolysis applications (e.g., for green hydrogen production) is challenging and requires electrically conductive, high-surface-area, and stable support materials. Combining the properties of stable TiO2 with those of active iridium oxide, we synthesized highly active electrodes for OER in acidic media. TiO2 powders (both commercially available Degussa P-25® and hydrothermally prepared in the laboratory from TiOSO4, either as received/prepared or following ammonolysis to be converted to titania black), were decorated with IrO2 by UV photodeposition from Ir(III) aqueous solutions of varied methanol scavenger concentrations. TEM, EDS, FESEM, XPS, and XRD measurements demonstrate that the optimized version of the photodeposition preparation method (i.e., with no added methanol) leads to direct deposition of well-dispersed IrO2 nanoparticles. The electroactive surface area and electrocatalytic performance towards OER of these catalysts have been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.1 M HClO4 solutions. All TiO2-based catalysts exhibited better mass-specific (as well as intrinsic) OER activity than commercial unsupported IrO2, with the best of them (IrO2 on Degussa P-25® ΤiO2 and laboratory-made TiO2 black) showing 100 mAmgIr−1 at an overpotential of η = 243 mV. Chronoamperometry (CA) experiments also proved good medium-term stability of the optimum IrO2/TiO2 electrodes during OER.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Production and Storage)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
The Preparation and Contact Drying Performance of Encapsulated Microspherical Composite Sorbents Based on Fly Ash Cenospheres
by
Elena V. Fomenko, Natalia N. Anshits, Leonid A. Solovyov, Vasily F. Shabanov and Alexander G. Anshits
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102391 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Sorption technologies are essential for various industries because they provide product quality and process efficiency. New encapsulated microspherical composite sorbents have been developed for resource-saving contact drying of thermolabile materials, particularly grain and seeds of crops. Magnesium sulfate, known for its high water
[...] Read more.
Sorption technologies are essential for various industries because they provide product quality and process efficiency. New encapsulated microspherical composite sorbents have been developed for resource-saving contact drying of thermolabile materials, particularly grain and seeds of crops. Magnesium sulfate, known for its high water capacity, fast sorption kinetics, and easy regeneration, was used as an active moisture sorption component. To localize the active component, porous carriers with an accessible internal volume and a perforated glass–crystalline shell were used. These carriers were created by acid etching of cenospheres with different structures isolated from fly ash. The amount of magnesium sulfate included in the internal volume of the microspherical carrier was 38 wt % for cenospheres with ring structures and 26 wt % for cenospheres with network structures. Studies of the moisture sorption properties of composite sorbents on wheat seeds have shown that after 4 h of contact drying the moisture content of wheat decreases from 22.5 to 14.9–15.5 wt %. Wheat seed germination after sorption drying was 95 ± 2%. The advantage of composite sorbents is the encapsulation of the desiccant in the inner volume of perforated cenospheres, which prevents its entrainment and contamination and provides easy separation and stable sorption capacity in several cycles.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Synthesis of Fluorinated Nucleosides/Nucleotides and Their Antiviral Properties
by
Yugandhar Kothapalli, Ransom A. Jones, Chung K. Chu and Uma S. Singh
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2390; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102390 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
The FDA has approved several drugs based on the fluorinated nucleoside pharmacophore, and numerous drugs are currently in clinical trials. Fluorine-containing nucleos(t)ides offer significant antiviral and anticancer activity. The insertion of a fluorine atom, either in the base or sugar of nucleos(t)ides, alters
[...] Read more.
The FDA has approved several drugs based on the fluorinated nucleoside pharmacophore, and numerous drugs are currently in clinical trials. Fluorine-containing nucleos(t)ides offer significant antiviral and anticancer activity. The insertion of a fluorine atom, either in the base or sugar of nucleos(t)ides, alters its electronic and steric parameters and transforms the lipophilicity, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of these moieties. The fluorine atom restricts the oxidative metabolism of drugs and provides enzymatic metabolic stability towards the glycosidic bond of the nucleos(t)ide. The incorporation of fluorine also demonstrates additional hydrogen bonding interactions in receptors with enhanced biological profiles. The present article discusses the synthetic methodology and antiviral activities of FDA-approved drugs and ongoing fluoro-containing nucleos(t)ide drug candidates in clinical trials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues: Chemical Synthesis and Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Squaramide-Based Organocatalyst as a Novel Versatile Chiral Solvating Agent for Carboxylic Acids
by
Fabio Spiaggia, Gloria Uccello Barretta, Anna Iuliano, Carlo Baldassari, Federica Aiello and Federica Balzano
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2389; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102389 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
A squaramide-based organocatalyst for asymmetric Michael reactions has been tested as a chiral solvating agent (CSA) for 26 carboxylic acids and camphorsulfonic acid, encompassing amino acid derivatives, mandelic acid, as well as some of its analogs, propionic acids like profens (ketoprofen and ibuprofen),
[...] Read more.
A squaramide-based organocatalyst for asymmetric Michael reactions has been tested as a chiral solvating agent (CSA) for 26 carboxylic acids and camphorsulfonic acid, encompassing amino acid derivatives, mandelic acid, as well as some of its analogs, propionic acids like profens (ketoprofen and ibuprofen), butanoic acids and others. In many cases remarkably high enantiodifferentiations at 1H, 13C and 19F nuclei were observed. The interaction likely involves a proton transfer from the acidic substrates to the tertiary amine sites of the organocatalyst, thus allowing for pre-solubilization of the organocatalyst (when a chloroform solution of the substrate is employed) or the simultaneous solubilization of both the catalyst and the substrate. DOSY experiments were employed to evaluate whether the catalyst–substrate ionic adduct was a tight one or not. ROESY experiments were employed to investigate the role of the squaramide unit in the adduct formation. A mechanism of interaction was proposed in accordance with the literature data.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Anticancer Potential of Indole Phytoalexins and Their Analogues
by
Martina Zigová, Radka Michalková and Ján Mojžiš
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2388; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102388 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Indole phytoalexins, found in economically significant Cruciferae family plants, are synthesized in response to pathogen attacks or stress, serving as crucial components of plant defense mechanisms against bacterial and fungal infections. Furthermore, recent research indicates that these compounds hold promise for improving human
[...] Read more.
Indole phytoalexins, found in economically significant Cruciferae family plants, are synthesized in response to pathogen attacks or stress, serving as crucial components of plant defense mechanisms against bacterial and fungal infections. Furthermore, recent research indicates that these compounds hold promise for improving human health, particularly in terms of potential anticancer effects that have been observed in various studies. Since our last comprehensive overview in 2016 focusing on the antiproliferative effects of these substances, brassinin and camalexin have been the most extensively studied. This review analyses the multifaceted pharmacological effects of brassinin and camalexin, highlighting their anticancer potential. In this article, we also provide an overview of the antiproliferative activity of new synthetic analogs of indole phytoalexins, which were synthesized and tested at our university with the aim of enhancing efficacy compared to the parent compound.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Bioactive Compounds in Pharmaceuticals)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Sequestration of an Azo Dye by a Potential Biosorbent: Characterization of Biosorbent, Adsorption Isotherm and Adsorption Kinetic Studies
by
Bharti Gaur, Jyoti Mittal, Syed Ansar Ali Shah, Alok Mittal and Richard T. Baker
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2387; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102387 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
This study explores the detailed characterization of a biosorbent (Hen Feather) and its efficient use in eradicating the azo dye Metanil Yellow (MY) from its aqueous solutions. Effects of a range of experimental parameters, including pH, initial dye concentration, biosorbent dosage and contact
[...] Read more.
This study explores the detailed characterization of a biosorbent (Hen Feather) and its efficient use in eradicating the azo dye Metanil Yellow (MY) from its aqueous solutions. Effects of a range of experimental parameters, including pH, initial dye concentration, biosorbent dosage and contact time on the adsorption, were studied. A detailed physical and chemical characterization of the biosorbent was made using SEM, XRD, XPS and FTIR. During the optimization of adsorption parameters, the highest dye uptake of almost 99% was recorded at pH 2, dye concentration 2 × 10−5 M, 0.05 g of biosorbent and a contact period of 75 min. Various adsorption isotherm models were studied to gather different adsorption and thermodynamic parameters. The linearity of the Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R adsorption isotherms indicate homogeneous, multilayer chemisorption with high adsorption affinity between the dye and biosorbent. Values of the changes in the Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) and the enthalpy (ΔH°) of the adsorption process have been calculated, these values indicate that it is a spontaneous and endothermic process. Kinetics of the adsorption were also measured, and it was established that the adsorption of MY over Hen Feather follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model at temperatures 30, 40 and 50 °C. The findings of this investigation clearly indicate that the studied biosorbent exhibits a high affinity towards the dye (MY), and it can be effectively, economically and efficiently used to sequestrate and eradicate MY from its aqueous solutions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemistry of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
An Aggregation-Induced Fluorescence Probe for Detection H2S and Its Application in Cell Imaging
by
Xin-Hui Tang, Hao-Na Zhang, Wen-Ling Wang and Qing-Ming Wang
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2386; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102386 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Monitoring hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in living organisms is very important because H2S acts as a regulator in many physiological and pathological processes. Upregulation of endogenous H2S concentration has been shown to be closely related to the occurrence
[...] Read more.
Monitoring hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in living organisms is very important because H2S acts as a regulator in many physiological and pathological processes. Upregulation of endogenous H2S concentration has been shown to be closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes. Herin, a novel fluorescent probe HND with aggregation-induced emission was designed. Impressively, HND exhibited a high selectivity, fast response (1 min) and low detection limit (0.61 μM) for H2S in PBS buffer (10 mM, pH = 7.42). Moreover, the reaction mechanism between HND and H2S was conducted by Job’s plot, HR-MS, and DFT. In particular, HND was successfully employed to detect H2S in HeLa cells.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Chemistry)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. augustana) Leaves Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES): Process Optimization and Extraction Mechanism Research
by
Shanshan Li, Guangyu Wang, Junjie Zhao, Penghui Ou, Qingping Yao and Wei Wang
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102385 - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), as emerging green solvents, can efficiently extract natural products from natural resources. However, studies on the extraction of phenolic compounds from celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. augustana) leaves (CLs) by NADESs are still lacking. This study screened
[...] Read more.
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), as emerging green solvents, can efficiently extract natural products from natural resources. However, studies on the extraction of phenolic compounds from celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. augustana) leaves (CLs) by NADESs are still lacking. This study screened the NADES L-proline-lactic acid (Pr-LA), combined it with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to extract phenolic compounds from CLs, and conducted a comparative study on the extraction effect with traditional extraction solvents. Both SEM and FT-IR confirmed that Pr-LA can enhance the degree of fragmentation of cell structures and improve the extraction rate of phenolic compounds. Molecular dynamics simulation results show that Pr-LA can improve the solubility of phenolic compounds and has stronger hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions with phenolic compounds. Single-factor and Box–Behnken experiments optimized the process parameters for the extraction of phenolic compounds from CLs. The second-order kinetic model describes the extraction process of phenolic compounds from CLs under optimal process parameters and provides theoretical guidance for actual industrial production. This study not only provides an efficient and green method for extracting phenolic compounds from CLs but also clarifies the mechanism of improved extraction efficiency, which provides a basis for research on the NADES extraction mechanism.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Other Green Solvents: The New Lights for Extraction and Valorization of Bioactive Phytochemical Compounds)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Metal–Organic Framework-Capped Gold Nanorod Hybrids for Combinatorial Cancer Therapy
by
Chong Zhao, Hongxiang Liu, Sijun Huang, Yi Guo and Li Xu
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102384 - 18 May 2024
Abstract
Recently, nanomaterials have attracted extensive attention in cancer-targeting therapy and as drug delivery vehicles owing to their unique surface and size properties. Multifunctional combinations of nanomaterials have become a research hotspot as researchers aim to provide a full understanding of their nanomaterial characteristics.
[...] Read more.
Recently, nanomaterials have attracted extensive attention in cancer-targeting therapy and as drug delivery vehicles owing to their unique surface and size properties. Multifunctional combinations of nanomaterials have become a research hotspot as researchers aim to provide a full understanding of their nanomaterial characteristics. In this study, metal–organic framework-capped gold nanorod hybrids were synthesized. Our research explored their ability to kill tumor cells by locally increasing the temperature via photothermal conclusion. The specific peroxidase-like activity endows the hybrids with the ability to disrupt the oxidative balance in vitro. Simultaneously, chemotherapeutic drugs are administered and delivered by loading and transportation for effective combinatorial cancer treatment, thereby enhancing the curative effect and reducing the unpredictable toxicity and side effects of large doses of chemotherapeutic drugs. These studies can improve combinatorial cancer therapy and enhance cancer treatment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Photocatalytic Deposition of Au Nanoparticles on Ti3C2Tx MXene Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
by
Zhi Yang, Lu Yang, Yucun Liu and Lei Chen
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2383; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102383 - 18 May 2024
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a promising technique for sensitive detection. The design and optimization of plasma-enhanced structures for SERS applications is an interesting challenge. In this study, we found that the SERS activity of MXene (Ti3C2Tx)
[...] Read more.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a promising technique for sensitive detection. The design and optimization of plasma-enhanced structures for SERS applications is an interesting challenge. In this study, we found that the SERS activity of MXene (Ti3C2Tx) can be improved by adding Au nanoparticles (NPs) in a simple photoreduction process. Fluoride-salt-etched MXene was deposited by drop-casting on a glass slide, and Au NPs were formed by the photocatalytic growth of gold(III) chloride trihydrate solutions under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The Au–MXene substrate formed by Au NPs anchored on the Ti3C2Tx sheet produced significant SERS through the synergistic effect of chemical and electromagnetic mechanisms. The structure and size of the Au-decorated MXene depended on the reaction time. When the MXene films were irradiated with a large number of UV photons, the size of the Au NPs increased. Hot spots were formed in the nanoscale gaps between the Au NPs, and the abundant surface functional groups of the MXene effectively adsorbed and interacted with the probe molecules. Simultaneously, as a SERS substrate, the proposed Au–MXene composite exhibited a wider linear range of 10−4–10−9 mol/L for detecting carbendazim. In addition, the enhancement factor of the optimized SERS substrate Au–MXene was 1.39 × 106, and its relative standard deviation was less than 13%. This study provides a new concept for extending experimental strategies to further improve the performance of SERS.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Applications of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering)
Open AccessArticle
Understanding Chromium Slag Recycling with Sintering–Ironmaking Processes: Influence of Cr2O3 on the Sinter Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Silico–Ferrite of Calcium and Aluminum (SFCA)
by
Ju Xu, Guojun Ma, Mengke Liu, Xiang Zhang, Dingli Zheng, Tianyu Du, Yanheng Luo and Wei Zhang
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2382; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102382 - 18 May 2024
Abstract
Chromium slag is a solid waste of chromium salt production, which contains highly toxic Cr(VI) and significant amounts of valuable metals, such as Fe and Cr. Recycling chromium slag as a raw sintering material in sintering–ironmaking processes can simultaneously reduce toxic Cr(VI) and
[...] Read more.
Chromium slag is a solid waste of chromium salt production, which contains highly toxic Cr(VI) and significant amounts of valuable metals, such as Fe and Cr. Recycling chromium slag as a raw sintering material in sintering–ironmaking processes can simultaneously reduce toxic Cr(VI) and recover valuable metals. A micro-sintering experiment, compressive strength test, microhardness test, and first-principles calculation are performed to investigate the influence of Cr2O3 on the sintering microstructure and mechanical properties of the silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) in order to understand the basis of the sintering process with chromium slag addition. The results show that the microstructure of SFCA changes from blocky to interwoven, with further increasing Cr2O3 content from 0 wt% to 3 wt%, and transforms to blocky with Cr2O3 content increasing to 5 wt%. Cr2O3 reacts with Fe2O3 to form (Fe1−xCrx)2O3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1), which participates in forming SFCA. With the increase in Cr doping concentrations, the hardness of SFCA first decreases and then increases, and the toughness increases. When Cr2O3 content increases from 0 wt% to 3 wt%, the SFCA microhardness decreases and the compressive strength of the sintered sample increases. Further increasing Cr2O3 contents to 5 wt%, the SFCA microhardness increases, and the compressive strength of sintered sample decreases.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Computational Chemistry in Metallurgy, Materials and Energy)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Functionalized Ionic Liquids-Modified Metal–Organic Framework Material Boosted the Enzymatic Performance of Lipase
by
Liran Ji, Wei Zhang, Yifei Zhang, Binbin Nian and Yi Hu
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2381; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102381 - 18 May 2024
Abstract
The development of immobilized enzymes with high activity and stability is critical. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much academic and industrial interest in the field of enzyme immobilization due to their unique properties. In this study, the amino-functionalized ionic liquid (NIL)-modified metal–organic framework
[...] Read more.
The development of immobilized enzymes with high activity and stability is critical. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much academic and industrial interest in the field of enzyme immobilization due to their unique properties. In this study, the amino-functionalized ionic liquid (NIL)-modified metal–organic framework (UiO-66-NH2) was prepared to immobilize Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), using dialdehyde starch (DAS) as the cross-linker. The results of the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the NIL was successfully grafted to UiO-66-NH2. The CRL immobilized on NIL-modified UiO-66-NH2 (UiO-66-NH2-NIL-DAS@CRL) exhibited satisfactory activity recovery (79.33%), stability, reusability, and excellent organic solvent tolerance. The research results indicated that ionic liquid-modified UiO-66-NH2 had practical potential for application in enzyme immobilization.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Trends of Biocatalysis in Organic Chemistry and Enzyme Engineering–2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Molecules Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal Browser-
arrow_forward_ios
Forthcoming issue
arrow_forward_ios Current issue - Vol. 29 (2024)
- Vol. 28 (2023)
- Vol. 27 (2022)
- Vol. 26 (2021)
- Vol. 25 (2020)
- Vol. 24 (2019)
- Vol. 23 (2018)
- Vol. 22 (2017)
- Vol. 21 (2016)
- Vol. 20 (2015)
- Vol. 19 (2014)
- Vol. 18 (2013)
- Vol. 17 (2012)
- Vol. 16 (2011)
- Vol. 15 (2010)
- Vol. 14 (2009)
- Vol. 13 (2008)
- Vol. 12 (2007)
- Vol. 11 (2006)
- Vol. 10 (2005)
- Vol. 9 (2004)
- Vol. 8 (2003)
- Vol. 7 (2002)
- Vol. 6 (2001)
- Vol. 5 (2000)
- Vol. 4 (1999)
- Vol. 3 (1998)
- Vol. 2 (1997)
- Volumes not published by MDPI
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Beverages, Fermentation, Foods, Molecules, Separations
Advances in Analysis of Flavors and Fragrances: Chemistry, Properties and Applications in Food Quality Improvement
Topic Editors: Ana Leahu, Marìa Soledad Prats Moya, Cristina GhineaDeadline: 31 May 2024
Topic in
BioChem, Biomedicines, Biomolecules, IJMS, Metabolites, Molecules
Natural Products in Prevention and Therapy of Metabolic Syndrome
Topic Editors: Jianbo Wan, Ligen LinDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Molecules, Separations, Sustainability, Water, Minerals
Analysis and Separations of Trace Elements in the Environment
Topic Editors: Gene Hall, Begoña GonzálezDeadline: 31 July 2024
Topic in
Analytica, Molecules, Nanomaterials, Polymers, Separations
Nanomaterials in Green Analytical Chemistry
Topic Editors: George Zachariadis, Rosa Peñalver, Natalia ManousiDeadline: 15 August 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Molecules
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds via Cycloadditions: Applications in Medicinal Chemistry
Guest Editors: Lalitha Gummidi, Parvesh Singh, Beata Morak-MłodawskaDeadline: 20 May 2024
Special Issue in
Molecules
Plant Secondary Metabolites with Health Effects: Discovery and Engineering
Guest Editors: Giuseppe Dionisio, Vittorio CalabreseDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
Molecules
Electrochemical Sensors and Cells for Environmental Applications
Guest Editors: Naoufel Haddour, Yamina Mounia AzriDeadline: 16 June 2024
Special Issue in
Molecules
Nanomaterials for Electrocatalytic Applications
Guest Editor: Paolo BertoncelloDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Molecules
Ultrasound- and Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
Collection Editors: Stela Jokić, Jelena Vladić
Topical Collection in
Molecules
Novel Approache of Anticancer Therapy
Collection Editor: Isabelle Mus-Veteau