Journal Description
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal on materials for biomedical use and is published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Biomedical) / CiteScore - Q2 (Biomedical Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
4.8 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.9 (2022)
Latest Articles
Biomaterials for Regenerative Cranioplasty: Current State of Clinical Application and Future Challenges
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15040084 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Acquired cranial defects are a prevalent condition in neurosurgery and call for cranioplasty, where the missing or defective cranium is replaced by an implant. Nevertheless, the biomaterials in current clinical applications are hardly exempt from long-term safety and comfort concerns. An appealing solution
[...] Read more.
Acquired cranial defects are a prevalent condition in neurosurgery and call for cranioplasty, where the missing or defective cranium is replaced by an implant. Nevertheless, the biomaterials in current clinical applications are hardly exempt from long-term safety and comfort concerns. An appealing solution is regenerative cranioplasty, where biomaterials with/without cells and bioactive molecules are applied to induce the regeneration of the cranium and ultimately repair the cranial defects. This review examines the current state of research, development, and translational application of regenerative cranioplasty biomaterials and discusses the efforts required in future research. The first section briefly introduced the regenerative capacity of the cranium, including the spontaneous bone regeneration bioactivities and the presence of pluripotent skeletal stem cells in the cranial suture. Then, three major types of biomaterials for regenerative cranioplasty, namely the calcium phosphate/titanium (CaP/Ti) composites, mineralised collagen, and 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) composites, are reviewed for their composition, material properties, and findings from clinical trials. The third part discusses perspectives on future research and development of regenerative cranioplasty biomaterials, with a considerable portion based on issues identified in clinical trials. This review aims to facilitate the development of biomaterials that ultimately contribute to a safer and more effective healing of cranial defects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Translation to Clinical Application)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessReview
Animal Models for Investigating Osseointegration: An Overview of Implant Research over the Last Three Decades
by
Antonio Scarano, Ahmad G. A. Khater, Sergio Alexandre Gehrke, Francesco Inchingolo and Sergio Rexhep Tari
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15040083 - 27 Mar 2024
Abstract
Dental implants and bone augmentation are among dentistry’s most prevalent surgical treatments; hence, many dental implant surfaces and bone grafts have been researched to improve bone response. Such new materials were radiologically, histologically, and histomorphometrically evaluated on animals before being used on humans.
[...] Read more.
Dental implants and bone augmentation are among dentistry’s most prevalent surgical treatments; hence, many dental implant surfaces and bone grafts have been researched to improve bone response. Such new materials were radiologically, histologically, and histomorphometrically evaluated on animals before being used on humans. As a result, several studies used animals to evaluate novel implant technologies, biocompatibility, surgical techniques, and osseointegration strategies, as preclinical research on animal models is essential to evaluate bioactive principles (on cells, compounds, and implants) that can act through multiple mechanisms and to predict animal behavior, which is difficult to predict from in vitro studies alone. In this study, we critically reviewed all research on different animal models investigating the osseointegration degree of new implant surfaces, reporting different species used in the osseointegration research over the last 30 years. Moreover, this is the first study to summarize reviews on the main animal models used in the translational research of osseointegration, including the advantages and limitations of each model and determining the ideal location for investigating osseointegration in small and large animal models. Overall, each model has advantages and disadvantages; hence, animal selection should be based on the cost of acquisition, animal care, acceptability to society, availability, tolerance to captivity, and housing convenience. Among small animal models, rabbits are an ideal model for biological observations around implants, and it is worth noting that osseointegration was discovered in the rabbit model and successfully applied to humans.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Graphene in 3D Bioprinting
by
Rahul Patil and Stella Alimperti
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15040082 - 25 Mar 2024
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a fast prototyping fabrication approach that allows the development of new implants for tissue restoration. Although various materials have been utilized for this process, they lack mechanical, electrical, chemical, and biological properties. To overcome those limitations, graphene-based materials demonstrate
[...] Read more.
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a fast prototyping fabrication approach that allows the development of new implants for tissue restoration. Although various materials have been utilized for this process, they lack mechanical, electrical, chemical, and biological properties. To overcome those limitations, graphene-based materials demonstrate unique mechanical and electrical properties, morphology, and impermeability, making them excellent candidates for 3D bioprinting. This review summarizes the latest developments in graphene-based materials in 3D printing and their application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Over the years, different 3D printing approaches have utilized graphene-based materials, such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO (rGO), and functional GO (fGO). This process involves controlling multiple factors, such as graphene dispersion, viscosity, and post-curing, which impact the properties of the 3D-printed graphene-based constructs. To this end, those materials combined with 3D printing approaches have demonstrated prominent regeneration potential for bone, neural, cardiac, and skin tissues. Overall, graphene in 3D bioprinting may pave the way for new regenerative strategies with translational implications in orthopedics, neurology, and cardiovascular areas.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Devices)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Applications of Cu2+-Loaded Silica Nanoparticles to Photothermal Therapy and Tumor-Specific Fluorescence Imaging
by
Ji-Ho Park, Yejin Sung, SeongHoon Jo, Seung Ho Lee, Ju Hee Ryu, In-Cheol Sun and Cheol-Hee Ahn
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15040081 - 25 Mar 2024
Abstract
Copper-based nanomaterials have been employed as therapeutic agents for cancer therapy and diagnosis. Nevertheless, persistent challenges, such as cellular toxicity, non-uniform sizes, and low photothermal efficiency, often constrain their applications. In this study, we present Cu2+-loaded silica nanoparticles fabricated through the
[...] Read more.
Copper-based nanomaterials have been employed as therapeutic agents for cancer therapy and diagnosis. Nevertheless, persistent challenges, such as cellular toxicity, non-uniform sizes, and low photothermal efficiency, often constrain their applications. In this study, we present Cu2+-loaded silica nanoparticles fabricated through the chelation of Cu2+ ions by silanol groups. The integration of Cu2+ ions into uniformly sized silica nanoparticles imparts a photothermal therapy effect. Additionally, the amine functionalization of the silica coating facilitates the chemical conjugation of tumor-specific fluorescence probes. These probes are strategically designed to remain in an ‘off’ state through the Förster resonance energy transfer mechanism until exposed to cysteine enzymes in cancer cells, inducing the recovery of their fluorescence. Consequently, our Cu2+-loaded silica nanoparticles demonstrate an efficient photothermal therapy effect and selectively enable cancer imaging.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic, and Analgesic Potential of Chitin and Chitosan Derived from Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) and Termites
by
Khushbakht Asad, Sumaira Shams, Eliana Ibáñez-Arancibia, Patricio R. De los Ríos-Escalante, Farhad Badshah, Farooq Ahmad, Muhammad Salman Khan and Asar Khan
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030080 - 21 Mar 2024
Abstract
The chitin and chitosan biopolymers are extremely valuable because of their numerous industrial and pharmacological uses. Chitin and chitosan were extracted from the exoskeleton of Periplaneta americana (cockroaches) and termites using various acid and alkali techniques. The extraction process involves an initial demineralization
[...] Read more.
The chitin and chitosan biopolymers are extremely valuable because of their numerous industrial and pharmacological uses. Chitin and chitosan were extracted from the exoskeleton of Periplaneta americana (cockroaches) and termites using various acid and alkali techniques. The extraction process involves an initial demineralization step, during which integument dry powder was subjected to 500 mL (2.07 mol/L) of concentrated HCl at 100 degrees Celsius for 30 min, followed by meticulous rinsing with distilled water to restore the pH to its baseline. Deproteinization was conducted at 80 degrees Celsius using 500 mL (1 mol/L) of NaOH solution, which was repeated for 24 h. A total of 250 mL (0.06 mol/L) of NaOH was added at 100 degrees Celsius for 4 h to obtain chitosan, followed by extensive washing and subsequent drying. FTIR analysis was used to identify the functional groups in Periplaneta americana and termites. The crystallinity of these biopolymers, which have a face-centered cubic structure, was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. This study assessed the analgesic properties of chitin and chitosan via an acetic-acid-induced writhing test in mice, revealing a significant reduction in writhing behavior following the chitin and chitosan extract. Notably, chitin exhibits the highest degree of analgesic activity compared to chitosan. Both chitin and chitosan show anti-inflammatory effects, with chitosan absorbing proton ions at sites of inflammation, while chitin effectively inhibits ear edema and elicits an analgesic response in mice. Furthermore, the present study revealed antipyretic activity, with termite chitin demonstrating the most significant effect at a concentration of 500 µL/mL, followed by chitosan and chitin at 100 µL/mL. These findings indicate the potential of using chitin and chitosan derived from termites and Periplaneta americana as natural anti-inflammatory compounds, implying prospective uses in anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic capabilities.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Advancements in Biomedical Applications of Calcium Phosphate Glass and Glass-Based Devices—A Review
by
Jawad T. Pandayil, Nadia G. Boetti and Davide Janner
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030079 - 21 Mar 2024
Abstract
Calcium phosphate (CaP) glass has recently gained popularity as a promising material for a wide range of biomedical applications. Recent developments have seen CaP glasses moving from a passive implant material to an active degradable material, particularly as a major constituent of bioresorbable
[...] Read more.
Calcium phosphate (CaP) glass has recently gained popularity as a promising material for a wide range of biomedical applications. Recent developments have seen CaP glasses moving from a passive implant material to an active degradable material, particularly as a major constituent of bioresorbable photonic devices. This holds great promise in advanced biomedical applications, since the main constituents of CaP glasses are present in the human body. In this review, the progressive advancements in the biomedical applications of calcium phosphate glass-based devices over the past 50 years are discussed. An overview of their role as reinforcing agents and the studies on doping their matrices for ion releasing and drug and gene delivery are reviewed. Recent applications of CaP glass and fibers in soft-tissue engineering and their potential for optical quality bioresorbable devices are then discussed along with the current challenges and potential future directions, emphasizing the promising role of CaP glass in the next generation of biomaterials. Considering their progress and potential in performing several biomedical functionalities over time, CaP glass-based devices hold promise for becoming enabling tools as an implantable, bioresorbable, multifunctional class of devices in future biomedicine.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses in Medical Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessEditorial
Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials
by
Marcio Mateus Beloti and Adalberto Luiz Rosa
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030078 - 21 Mar 2024
Abstract
Bone tissue has a remarkable ability to regenerate following injury and trauma [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Regeneration and Repair Materials)
Open AccessArticle
Precision Engineering of Chondrocyte Microenvironments: Investigating the Optimal Reaction Conditions for Type B Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogel Matrix for TC28a2 Cells
by
Qichan Hu, Marc A. Torres, Hongjun Pan, Steven L. Williams and Melanie Ecker
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030077 - 20 Mar 2024
Abstract
Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) is a photocrosslinkable biomaterial that has gained widespread use in tissue engineering due to its favorable biological attributes and customizable physical and mechanical traits. While GelMA is compatible with various cell types, distinct cellular responses are observed within GelMA hydrogels.
[...] Read more.
Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) is a photocrosslinkable biomaterial that has gained widespread use in tissue engineering due to its favorable biological attributes and customizable physical and mechanical traits. While GelMA is compatible with various cell types, distinct cellular responses are observed within GelMA hydrogels. As such, tailoring hydrogels for specific applications has become imperative. Thus, our objective was to develop GelMA hydrogels tailored to enhance cell viability specifically for TC28a2 chondrocytes in a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture setting. We investigated GelMA synthesis using PBS and 0.25M CB buffer, analyzed the mechanical and physical traits of GelMA hydrogels, and evaluated how varying GelMA crosslinking conditions (GelMA concentration, photoinitiator concentration, and UV exposure time) affected the viability of TC28a2 chondrocytes. The results revealed that GelMA synthesis using 0.25M CB buffer led to a greater degree of methacrylation compared to PBS buffer, and the LAP photoinitiator demonstrated superior efficacy for GelMA gelation compared to Irgacure 2959. Additionally, the stiffness, porosity, and swelling degree of GelMA hydrogels were predominantly affected by GelMA concentration, while cell viability was impacted by all crosslinking conditions, decreasing notably with increasing GelMA concentration, photoinitiator concentration, and UV exposure time. This study facilitated the optimization of crosslinking conditions to enhance cell viability within GelMA hydrogels, a critical aspect for diverse biomedical applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Shear Stress Quantification in Tissue Engineering Bioreactor Heart Valves: A Computational Approach
by
Raj Dave, Giulia Luraghi, Leslie Sierad, Francesco Migliavacca and Ethan Kung
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030076 - 20 Mar 2024
Abstract
Tissue-engineered heart valves can grow, repair, and remodel after implantation, presenting a more favorable long-term solution compared to mechanical and porcine valves. Achieving functional engineered valve tissue requires the maturation of human cells seeded onto valve scaffolds under favorable growth conditions in bioreactors.
[...] Read more.
Tissue-engineered heart valves can grow, repair, and remodel after implantation, presenting a more favorable long-term solution compared to mechanical and porcine valves. Achieving functional engineered valve tissue requires the maturation of human cells seeded onto valve scaffolds under favorable growth conditions in bioreactors. The mechanical stress and strain on developing valve tissue caused by different pressure and flow conditions in bioreactors are currently unknown. The aim of this study is to quantify the wall shear stress (WSS) magnitude in heart valve prostheses under different valve geometries and bioreactor flow rates. To achieve this, this study used fluid–structure interaction simulations to obtain the valve’s opening geometries during the systolic phase. These geometries were then used in computational fluid dynamics simulations with refined near-wall mesh elements and ranges of prescribed inlet flow rates. The data obtained included histograms and regression curves that characterized the distribution, peak, and median WSS for various flow rates and valve opening configurations. This study also found that the upper region of the valve near the commissures experienced higher WSS magnitudes than the rest of the valve.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Biomaterials on Vascular Tissue Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Toxicological Evaluation toward Refined Montmorillonite with Human Colon Associated Cells and Human Skin Associated Cells
by
Zhou Wang, Yibei Jiang, Guangjian Tian, Chuyu Zhu and Yi Zhang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030075 - 20 Mar 2024
Abstract
Montmorillonite has been refined to overcome uncertainties originating from different sources, which offers opportunities for addressing various health issues, e.g., cosmetics, wound dressings, and antidiarrheal medicines. Herein, three commercial montmorillonite samples were obtained from different sources and labeled M1, M2, and M3 for
[...] Read more.
Montmorillonite has been refined to overcome uncertainties originating from different sources, which offers opportunities for addressing various health issues, e.g., cosmetics, wound dressings, and antidiarrheal medicines. Herein, three commercial montmorillonite samples were obtained from different sources and labeled M1, M2, and M3 for Ca-montmorillonite, magnesium-enriched Ca-montmorillonite, and silicon-enriched Na-montmorillonite, respectively. Commercial montmorillonite was refined via ultrasonic scission-differential centrifugation and labeled S, M, or L according to the particle sizes (small, medium, or large, respectively). The size distribution decreased from 2000 nm to 250 nm with increasing centrifugation rates from 3000 rpm to 12,000 rpm. Toxicological evaluations with human colon-associated cells and human skin-associated cells indicated that side effects were correlated with excess dosages and silica sand. These side effects were more obvious with human colon-associated cells. The microscopic interactions between micro/nanosized montmorillonite and human colon-associated cells or human skin-associated cells indicated that those interactions were correlated with the size distributions. The interactions of the M1 series with the human cells were attributed to size effects because montmorillonite with a broad size distribution was stored in the M1 series. The M2 series interactions with human cells did not seem to be correlated with size effects because large montmorillonite particles were retained after refining. The M3 series interactions with human cells were attributed to size effects because small montmorillonite particles were retained after refining. This illustrates that toxicological evaluations with refined montmorillonite must be performed in accordance with clinical medical practices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Procedures of Biomaterials in Medical Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Comprehensive Study on Folate-Targeted Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with 5-Fluorouracil for the Enhanced Treatment of Gynecological Cancers
by
Aliyah Almomen and Adel Alhowyan
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030074 - 20 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Gynecological cancers are a significant public health concern, accounting for 40% of all cancer incidence and 30% of deaths in women. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) can be used with chemotherapy to improve treatment in advanced-stage gynecological cancer. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) can improve drug
[...] Read more.
Background: Gynecological cancers are a significant public health concern, accounting for 40% of all cancer incidence and 30% of deaths in women. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) can be used with chemotherapy to improve treatment in advanced-stage gynecological cancer. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) can improve drug effectiveness and reduce toxicity. Folic acid can target folate receptors in epithelial malignancies like ovarian and cervical cancer. Methods: The mixture of MSN-NH2 was synthesized by dissolving N-lauroylsarcosine sodium in a water–ethanol mixture, adding APTES and TEOS, and heating at 80 °C for 18 h, before being fully characterized. The drug is loaded into a 5-FU solution and functionalized with folate. The drug release mechanism, as well as ex vivo intestinal permeation from MSN-NH2 formulations, was tested. The cell viability study of the nanoparticles was evaluated in various cancer cell lines, and the cellular uptake was measured indirectly using HPLC. Results: The study analyzed the amine content, propylamine loading, and drug loading capacity of MSN-NH2 nanoparticles. It found that the loading of propylamine was around 0.733 mmol/g, and the surface density was 0.81 molecules/nm. The study also showed that the surface decoration of MSN-NH2 with folic acid was successfully achieved. The release rate of 5-FU from MSN-NH2 was slow and controlled, with a slower rate at pH 5.5. The study found that the amin surface functionalization of MSN-NH2 nanoparticles can reduce potential toxicity in ovarian and cervical cancer cells. Conclusions: Based on the results, the encapsulation of 5-FU and functionalization of MSN-NH2 with folic acid can serve as potential carriers for 5-FU in treating gynecological cancer.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles and Nanocompounds for Cancer Therapy)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Antibacterial and Antibiofouling Activities of Carbon Polymerized Dots/Polyurethane and C60/Polyurethane Composite Films
by
Zoran M. Marković, Milica D. Budimir Filimonović, Dušan D. Milivojević, Janez Kovač and Biljana M. Todorović Marković
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030073 - 17 Mar 2024
Abstract
The cost of treatment of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is on the level of tens of billions of dollars at the moment. It is of special interest to reduce or solve this problem using antimicrobial coatings, especially in hospitals or other healthcare facilities. The bacteria
[...] Read more.
The cost of treatment of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is on the level of tens of billions of dollars at the moment. It is of special interest to reduce or solve this problem using antimicrobial coatings, especially in hospitals or other healthcare facilities. The bacteria can transfer from medical staff or contaminated surfaces to patients. In this paper, we focused our attention on the antibacterial and antibiofouling activities of two types of photodynamic polyurethane composite films doped with carbon polymerized dots (CPDs) and fullerene C60. Detailed atomic force, electrostatic force and viscoelastic microscopy revealed topology, nanoelectrical and nanomechanical properties of used fillers and composites. A relationship between the electronic structure of the nanocarbon fillers and the antibacterial and antibiofouling activities of the composites was established. Thorough spectroscopic analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was conducted for both composite films, and it was found that both of them were potent antibacterial agents against nosocomial bacteria (Klebsiela pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonela enterica, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus epidermis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Antibiofouling testing of composite films indicated that the CPDs/PU composite films eradicated almost completely the biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and about 50% of Escherichia coli biofilms.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer, Microbes and Viruses)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Reduction in Pathogenic Biofilms by the Photoactive Composite of Bacterial Cellulose and Nanochitosan Dots under Blue and Green Light
by
Danica Z. Zmejkoski, Nemanja M. Zdravković, Milica D. Budimir Filimonović, Vladimir B. Pavlović, Svetlana V. Butulija, Dušan D. Milivojević, Zoran M. Marković and Biljana M. Todorović Marković
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030072 - 14 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this study, nanochitosan dots (ChiDs) were synthesized using gamma rays and encapsulated in bacterial cellulose (BC) polymer matrix for antibiofilm potential in photodynamic therapy. The composites were analyzed for structural changes using SEM, AFM, FTIR, XRD, EPR, and porosity measurements. Additionally, ChiD
[...] Read more.
In this study, nanochitosan dots (ChiDs) were synthesized using gamma rays and encapsulated in bacterial cellulose (BC) polymer matrix for antibiofilm potential in photodynamic therapy. The composites were analyzed for structural changes using SEM, AFM, FTIR, XRD, EPR, and porosity measurements. Additionally, ChiD release was assessed. The results showed that the chemical composition remained unaltered, but ChiD agglomerates embedded in BC changed shape (1.5–2.5 µm). Bacterial cellulose fibers became deformed and interconnected, with increased surface roughness and porosity and decreased crystallinity. No singlet oxygen formation was observed, and the total amount of released ChiD was up to 16.10%. Antibiofilm activity was higher under green light, with reductions ranging from 48 to 57% under blue light and 78 to 85% under green light. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive strain. The new photoactive composite hydrogels show promising potential for combating biofilm-related infections.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Cancer Therapies)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Bonding Pretreatment of Aesthetic Dental CAD-CAM Materials through Surface Etching with a Mixed Aqueous Solution of Ammonium Fluoride and Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfate
by
Yusaku Nishizawa, Tatsuo Kawamoto and Hiroshi Ikeda
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030071 - 14 Mar 2024
Abstract
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is commonly used as an etchant for the pretreatment of dental computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) materials, such as glass-ceramics and resin composites. Despite its effectiveness, the harmful and hazardous nature of HF has raised significant safety concerns. In contrast, ammonium
[...] Read more.
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is commonly used as an etchant for the pretreatment of dental computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) materials, such as glass-ceramics and resin composites. Despite its effectiveness, the harmful and hazardous nature of HF has raised significant safety concerns. In contrast, ammonium fluoride (AF) is known for its relatively low toxicity but has limited etching capability. This study explored the potential of ammonium hydrogen sulfate (AHS), a low-toxicity and weak acid, to enhance the etching ability of aqueous AF solutions for the bonding pretreatment of CAD-CAM materials. This study investigated five types of aesthetic CAD-CAM materials: lithium disilicate glass, feldspathic porcelain, polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks, resin composites, and zirconia. Seven experimental etchants were prepared by varying the amount of AHS added to aqueous AF solutions, with each etchant used to etch the surfaces of the respective CAD-CAM materials. The treated surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Additionally, the shear bond strength (SBS) of the CAD-CAM materials treated with a luting agent (resin cement) was evaluated. The results indicated that the AF1/AHS3 (weight ratio AF:AHS = 1:3) etchant had the most substantial etching effect on the surfaces of silica-containing materials (lithium disilicate glass, feldspathic porcelain, polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks, and resin composites) but not on zirconia. The SBS of the materials treated with the AF1/AHS3 etchant was comparable to that of the commercial HF etchant. Hence, an AF/AHS mixed solution could effectively etch silica-containing CAD-CAM materials, thereby enhancing their bonding capabilities.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Dental Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties, Cell Viability, and Metalloproteinase Activity of Bioceramic Endodontic Materials Used in Vital Pulp Therapy
by
Felipe Immich, Durvalino de Oliveira, Juliana Silva Ribeiro de Andrade, Andressa da Silva Barboza, Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez, Adriana Fernandes da Silva, Wellington Luiz de Oliveira da Rosa, Álvaro Henrique Borges, Neftali Lenin Villarreal Carreno, Evandro Piva and Rafael Guerra Lund
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030070 - 14 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties, cell viability, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition capacity of several endodontic materials aimed at vital pulp therapy: Pro Root MTA®, EndoSequence®, Biodentine®, MTA Angelus®, TheraCal LC®
[...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties, cell viability, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition capacity of several endodontic materials aimed at vital pulp therapy: Pro Root MTA®, EndoSequence®, Biodentine®, MTA Angelus®, TheraCal LC®, and BioC Repair®. The materials were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Antimicrobial tests were conducted using a microcosm biofilm model, cell viability was assessed using murine fibroblasts (L929), and MMP activity was analyzed through electrophoresis. The results showed that BioC Repair®, Biodentine®, and EndoSequence® exhibited similar antimicrobial properties, while MTA Angelus® and ProRoot MTA® had inferior results but were comparable to each other. In terms of cell viability, no significant differences were observed among the materials. EndoSequence® demonstrated the highest MMP inhibition capacity. In conclusion, BioC Repair®, Biodentine®, EndoSequence®, and TheraCal® showed better antimicrobial properties among the tested materials. The materials did not exhibit significant differences in terms of cytotoxicity. However, EndoSequence® displayed superior MMP inhibition capacity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resin-Based Materials in Restorative Dentistry: Innovations, Characterization and Clinical Implications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Formulative Study and Characterization of Novel Biomaterials Based on Chitosan/Hydrolyzed Collagen Films
by
Tomás Martínez Rodríguez, Caterina Valentino, Francisco Ramón Rodríguez Pozo, Pablo Hernández Benavides, Francisco Arrebola Vargas, José Manuel Paredes, Claro Ignacio Sainz-Díaz, Guillermo R. Iglesias, Silvia Rossi, Giuseppina Sandri, María del Mar Medina Pérez and Carola Aguzzi
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030069 - 11 Mar 2024
Abstract
To date, the need for biomaterials capable of improving the treatment of chronic skin wounds remains a clinical challenge. The aim of the present work is to formulate and characterize chitosan (Cs)/hydrolyzed collagen (HC) films as potential biomaterials with improved mechanical and hydration
[...] Read more.
To date, the need for biomaterials capable of improving the treatment of chronic skin wounds remains a clinical challenge. The aim of the present work is to formulate and characterize chitosan (Cs)/hydrolyzed collagen (HC) films as potential biomaterials with improved mechanical and hydration performances compared to single component formulations. Films were made by the solvent casting method, with or without glycerin and/or PEG1500 as plasticizers, resulting in a total of eight formulations. All films were characterized by their physico-chemical characteristics and their mechanical and hydration features. A full factorial design was also used to statistically assess the effect of HC concentration, type and concentration of plasticizers and their possible interactions on mechanical and swelling behaviors. Solid state characterization confirmed the hybrid nature of the films, with suggested electrostatic interactions between Cs and HC. Mechanical and swelling properties, along with the analysis of the experimental design, allowed the identification of formulations containing high HC concentration (2% w/v) and glycerin or glycerin/PEG1500 as more suitable candidates for skin wound treatment. Finally, viability assay of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) showed no statistical differences in cell survival compared to the complete culture medium, suggesting their potential as a promising tool for biomedical applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Product-Based Biomaterials for Advanced Wound Dressings)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessSystematic Review
Surface Treatment of Dental Mini-Sized Implants and Screws: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
by
Ana Luísa Figueiredo, Raquel Travassos, Catarina Nunes, Madalena Prata Ribeiro, Mariana Santos, Flavia Iaculli, Anabela Baptista Paula, Carlos Miguel Marto, Francisco Caramelo, Inês Francisco and Francisco Vale
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030068 - 10 Mar 2024
Abstract
Miniscrews are devices that allow for absolute skeletal anchorage. However, their use has a higher failure rate (10–30%) than dental implants (10%). To overcome these flaws, chemical and/or mechanical treatment of the surface of miniscrews has been suggested. There is no consensus in
[...] Read more.
Miniscrews are devices that allow for absolute skeletal anchorage. However, their use has a higher failure rate (10–30%) than dental implants (10%). To overcome these flaws, chemical and/or mechanical treatment of the surface of miniscrews has been suggested. There is no consensus in the current literature about which of these methods is the gold standard; thus, our objective was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on surface treatments of miniscrews. The review protocol was registered (PROSPERO CRD42023408011) and is in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A bibliographic search was carried out on PubMed via MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science. The initial search of the databases yielded 1684 results, with 98 studies included in the review, with one article originating from the search in the bibliographic references of the included studies. The results of this systematic review show that the protocols of miniscrew surface treatments, such as acid-etching; sandblasting, large-grit and acid-etching; photofunctionalization with ultraviolet light; and photobiomodulation, can increase stability and the success of orthodontic treatment. The meta-analysis revealed that the treatment with the highest removal torque is SLA, followed by acid-etching. On the other hand, techniques such as oxidative anodization, anodization with pre-calcification and heat treatment, as well as deposition of chemical compounds, require further investigation to confirm their effectiveness.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontics Materials and Technologies)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Effect of DMSO on Structural Properties of DMPC and DPPC Liposome Suspensions
by
Luísa M. P. F. Amaral, Maria Rangel and Margarida Bastos
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030067 - 10 Mar 2024
Abstract
The study and characterization of the biophysical properties of membranes and drug–membrane interactions represent a critical step in drug development, as biological membranes act as a barrier that the drug must overcome to reach its active site. Liposomes are widely used in drug
[...] Read more.
The study and characterization of the biophysical properties of membranes and drug–membrane interactions represent a critical step in drug development, as biological membranes act as a barrier that the drug must overcome to reach its active site. Liposomes are widely used in drug delivery to circumvent the poor aqueous solubility of most drugs, improving systemic bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. Further, they can be targeted to deliver to specific disease sites, thus decreasing drug load, and reducing side effects and poor adherence to treatment. To improve drug solubility during liposome preparation, DMSO is the most widely used solvent. This raises concern about the potential effect of DMSO on membranes and leads us to investigate, using DSC and EPR, the influence of DMSO on the behavior of lipid model membranes of DMPC and DPPC. In addition, we tested the influence of DMSO on drug–membrane interaction, using compounds with different hydrophobicity and varying DMSO content, using the same experimental techniques. Overall, it was found that with up to 10% DMSO, changes in the bilayer fluidity or the thermotropic properties of the studied liposomes were not significant, within the experimental uncertainty. For higher concentrations of DMSO, there is a stabilization of both the gel and the rippled gel phases, and increased bilayer fluidity of DMPC and DPPC liposomes leading to an increase in membrane permeability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liposomal Nanomedicine: Applications for Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Laden Nanocomposite Scaffolds Enhance Bone Regeneration in Rabbit Critical-Size Segmental Bone Defect Model
by
Elangovan Kalaiselvan, Swapan Kumar Maiti, Shivaraju Shivaramu, Shajahan Amitha Banu, Khan Sharun, Divya Mohan, Sangeetha Palakkara, Sadhan Bag, Monalisa Sahoo, Suresh Ramalingam and Jürgen Hescheler
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030066 - 10 Mar 2024
Abstract
Bone regeneration poses a significant challenge in the field of tissue engineering, prompting ongoing research to explore innovative strategies for effective bone healing. The integration of stem cells and nanomaterial scaffolds has emerged as a promising approach, offering the potential to enhance regenerative
[...] Read more.
Bone regeneration poses a significant challenge in the field of tissue engineering, prompting ongoing research to explore innovative strategies for effective bone healing. The integration of stem cells and nanomaterial scaffolds has emerged as a promising approach, offering the potential to enhance regenerative outcomes. This study focuses on the application of a stem cell-laden nanomaterial scaffold designed for bone regeneration in rabbits. The in vivo study was conducted on thirty-six healthy skeletally mature New Zealand white rabbits that were randomly allocated into six groups. Group A was considered the control, wherein a 15 mm critical-sized defect was created and left as such without any treatment. In group B, this defect was filled with a polycaprolactone–hydroxyapatite (PCL + HAP) scaffold, whereas in group C, a PCL + HAP-carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube (PCL + HAP + MWCNT-COOH) scaffold was used. In group D, a PCL + HAP + MWCNT-COOH scaffold was used with local injection of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on postoperative days 30, 45, and 60. The rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) were seeded onto the PCL + HAP + MWCNT-COOH scaffold by the centrifugal method. In group E, an rBMSC-seeded PCL + HAP + MWCNT-COOH scaffold was used along with the local injection of rBMSC on postoperative days 7, 14, and 21. For group F, in addition to the treatment given to group E, BMP-2 was administered locally on postoperative days 30, 45, and 60. Gross observations, radiological observation, scanning electron microscopic assessment, and histological evaluation study showed that group F displayed the best healing properties, followed by group E, group D, group C, and B. Group A showed no healing with ends blunting minimal fibrous tissue. Incorporating growth factor BMP-2 in tissue-engineered rBMSC-loaded nanocomposite PCL + HAP + MWCNT-COOH construct can augment the osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties, thereby enhancing the healing in a critical-sized bone defect. This novel stem cell composite could prove worthy in the treatment of non-union and delayed union fractures in the near future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
In Vitro Effects of Weissella cibaria CMU and CMS1 on Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL)-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation
by
Geun-Yeong Park, Jeong-Ae Park and Mi-Sun Kang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(3), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15030065 - 08 Mar 2024
Abstract
Excessive osteoclast activity can promote periodontitis-associated bone destruction. The inhibitory mechanisms of Weissella cibaria strains CMU and CMS1 against periodontitis have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether heat-killed (HK) W. cibaria CMU and CMS1 or their
[...] Read more.
Excessive osteoclast activity can promote periodontitis-associated bone destruction. The inhibitory mechanisms of Weissella cibaria strains CMU and CMS1 against periodontitis have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether heat-killed (HK) W. cibaria CMU and CMS1 or their respective cell-free supernatants (CFSs) inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in response to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) staining and bone resorption assays revealed that both HK bacteria and CFSs significantly suppressed the number of TRAP-positive cells, TRAP activity, and bone pit formation compared to the RANKL-treated control (p < 0.05). HK bacteria dose-dependently inhibited osteoclastogenesis while selectively regulating certain genes in CFSs (p < 0.05). We found that disrupting the direct interaction between HK bacteria and RAW 264.7 cells abolished the inhibitory effect of HK bacteria on the expression of osteoclastogenesis-associated proteins (c-Fos, nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), and cathepsin K). These results suggest that dead bacteria suppress osteoclast differentiation more effectively than the metabolites and may serve as beneficial agents in preventing periodontitis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation via direct interaction with cells.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials for Regenerative Dentistry)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- JFB Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Dentistry Journal, JCM, Materials, Medicina, JFB
Clinical and Experimental Research in Dentistry and Bioactive Materials
Topic Editors: David Gillam, Luciana Fávaro Francisconi-dos-RiosDeadline: 31 March 2024
Topic in
Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics, Antioxidants, Nanomaterials, JFB, Cosmetics
New Challenges in the Cosmetics and Medical Device Industry
Topic Editors: Ana Catarina Silva, Hugo Almeida, Ana BarrosDeadline: 30 April 2024
Topic in
Biomedicines, Cancers, JFB, Nanomaterials, Polymers
Advanced Functional Materials for Regenerative Medicine
Topic Editors: Antonino Morabito, Luca ValentiniDeadline: 6 June 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Dentistry Journal, JCM, JFB, Medicina
Diagnosis and Treatment of Dental Diseases and Tempromandibular Joints
Topic Editors: Rafał Obuchowicz, Małgorzata Pihut, Karolina Nurzynska, Andrzej UrbanikDeadline: 31 August 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
JFB
Biomaterials in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
Guest Editors: Cristian Scheau, Andreea Didilescu, Constantin CaruntuDeadline: 31 March 2024
Special Issue in
JFB
Feature Papers in Biomaterials for Cancer Therapies
Guest Editor: Serena DantiDeadline: 20 April 2024
Special Issue in
JFB
Chitosan Microparticles: Development, Characterization and Biomedical Applications
Guest Editors: Patrícia Batista, Manuela Pintado, Clara PiccirilloDeadline: 30 April 2024
Special Issue in
JFB
Multifunctional Bio-Scaffolds for Cell Growth and Tissue Morphogenesis
Guest Editors: Aurelio Salerno, Alfredo Ronca, Anna AbbadessaDeadline: 20 May 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
JFB
Biocements for Medical/Dental Purposes
Collection Editor: James Kit-Hon Tsoi
Topical Collection in
JFB
Coating Deposition and Surface Functionalization of Implants for Biomedical Applications
Collection Editor: Antonella Sola