Journal Description
Processes
Processes
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on processes/systems in chemistry, biology, material, energy, environment, food, pharmaceutical, manufacturing, automation control, catalysis, separation, particle and allied engineering fields published monthly online by MDPI. The Systems and Control Division of the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (CSChE S&C Division) and the Brazilian Association of Chemical Engineering (ABEQ) are affiliated with Processes and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges. Please visit Society Collaborations for more details.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, Inspec, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Chemical) / CiteScore - Q2 (Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.5 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022)
Latest Articles
Measuring Device Detecting Impact Forces on Impact Rollers
Processes 2024, 12(5), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12050850 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper presents laboratory devices on which measurements were carried out to prove the validity of the assumption about the reduction in vibrations transmitted to the conveyor belt structure generated by the impact forces of falling material grains in the places of transfer
[...] Read more.
This paper presents laboratory devices on which measurements were carried out to prove the validity of the assumption about the reduction in vibrations transmitted to the conveyor belt structure generated by the impact forces of falling material grains in the places of transfer or on the hoppers of conveyor belts. In order to limit damage to the conveyor belts caused by the impact of the sharp edges of material grains, conveyor belts are supported by impact rollers or impact rubber rods. A special modification of the fixed conveyor idler is presented, which consists of inserting plastic brackets into the structurally modified roller axle holders of the fixed conveyor idler. Measurements showed that the specially modified fixed conveyor idler resulted in a higher damping of up to 15% of the impact forces of the falling weight on the rubberized hoop of the impact roller shell compared to the conventional fixed conveyor idler design. Measurements carried out show that the effective vibration velocity values detected at the points where the impact roller axis fits into the fixed roller table holder are higher than when using plastic brackets, up to 6% for a 108-mm-diameter roller, compared to steel impact roller brackets.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
Open AccessArticle
A Physics-Based Tweedie Exponential Dispersion Process Model for Metal Fatigue Crack Propagation and Prognostics
by
Lin Yang, Zirong Wang, Zhen Chen and Ershun Pan
Processes 2024, 12(5), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12050849 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Most structural faults in metal parts can be attributed to fatigue crack propagation. The analysis and prognostics of fatigue crack propagation play essential roles in the health management of mechanical systems. Due to the impacts of different uncertainty factors, the crack propagation process
[...] Read more.
Most structural faults in metal parts can be attributed to fatigue crack propagation. The analysis and prognostics of fatigue crack propagation play essential roles in the health management of mechanical systems. Due to the impacts of different uncertainty factors, the crack propagation process exhibits significant randomness, which causes difficulties in fatigue life prediction. To improve prognostic accuracy, a physics-based Tweedie exponential dispersion process (TEDP) model is proposed via integrating Paris Law and the stochastic process. This TEDP model can capture both the crack growth mechanism and uncertainty. Compared with other existing models, the TEDP taking Wiener process, Gamma process, and inverse process as special cases is more general and flexible in modeling complex degradation paths. The probability density function of the model is derived based on saddle-joint approximation. The unknown parameters are calculated via maximum likelihood estimation. Then, the analytic expressions of the distributions of lifetime and product reliability are presented. Significant findings include that the proposed TEDP model substantially enhances predictive accuracy in lifetime estimations of mechanical systems under varying operational conditions, as demonstrated in a practical case study on fatigue crack data. This model not only provides highly accurate lifetime predictions, but also offers deep insights into the reliability assessments of mechanically stressed components.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of Complex Industrial Processes or Equipment)
Open AccessArticle
Impact of Wellbore Cross-Sectional Elongation on the Hydraulic Fracturing Breakdown Pressure and Fracture Initiation Direction
by
Somaie Jolfaei and Ali Lakirouhani
Processes 2024, 12(5), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12050848 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Investigation of breakdown pressure in wellbores in complex conditions is of great importance, both in fracture design and in wellbore log interpretation for in situ stress estimation. In this research, using a two-dimensional numerical model, the breakdown pressure is determined in ellipsoidal and
[...] Read more.
Investigation of breakdown pressure in wellbores in complex conditions is of great importance, both in fracture design and in wellbore log interpretation for in situ stress estimation. In this research, using a two-dimensional numerical model, the breakdown pressure is determined in ellipsoidal and breakout wellbores. To find the breakdown pressure, the mixed criterion is used, in which the toughness and the tensile strength criteria must be satisfied concurrently. In breakout boreholes, the breakdown pressure is lower than the circular wellbores; indeed, the ratio of the breakdown pressure of the breakout wellbore to the breakdown pressure in the circular wellbore is between 1 and 0.04, depending on the deviatoric stress and the width and depth of the breakout zone. In breakout wellbores, the fracture initiation position depends on the deviatoric stress. In small deviatoric stresses, the fracture initiation position is aligned with the minimum in situ stress, unlike circular boreholes; and in large deviatoric stresses, the fracture initiates in the direction of the major principal stress. In large wellbores, the breakdown pressure is controlled by the tensile strength of the rock; and in small wellbores, the breakdown pressure is under the control of the energy spent to create new crack surfaces.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Production of Mannooligosaccharides from Açaí Seed by Immobilized β-Mannanase
by
Sarha Lucia Murillo-Franco, Juan David Galvis-Nieto and Carlos E. Orrego
Processes 2024, 12(5), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12050847 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this work, an enzyme cocktail with β-mannanase as the main activity was immobilized on epoxy resin foams filled with fibers from annatto capsules. The catalytic system was characterized by SEM, FTIR, and a mechanical crush resistance test. The behavior of the pH
[...] Read more.
In this work, an enzyme cocktail with β-mannanase as the main activity was immobilized on epoxy resin foams filled with fibers from annatto capsules. The catalytic system was characterized by SEM, FTIR, and a mechanical crush resistance test. The behavior of the pH and temperature for the hydrolysis of the locust bean gum were also studied. With the same substrate and with respect to the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme showed an activity retention of 79.61%. Its operational stability in ten reuse cycles did not show any statistically significant loss of activity. This catalytic system was used to study the preferential release of MOS of two to five degrees of polymerization from mannan present in dried and ground açaí seeds, which were not subjected to any other pretreatment. Using an experimental response surface design, the predicted quadratic models for the M2–M5 MOS content were obtained and they fit well with the experimental data, predicting a production range between 0.435 and 20 g/L of MOS (M2–M5). In addition, the production reached about 12 g/L under the optimized conditions. These results indicate that the used foamed epoxy resin supports and immobilization methodology are suitable for catalyzing the hydrolysis of mannan from açaí seeds.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Separation and Extraction Techniques in Food Processing and Analysis)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessEditorial
Sustainable Development Processes for Renewable Energy Technology II: An Overview
by
Sergey Zhironkin and Radim Rybar
Processes 2024, 12(5), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12050846 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
This Special Issue, titled “Sustainable Development Processes for Renewable Energy Technology II: An Overview”, presents a collection of papers in the field of sustainable development in the mineral resource sector, detailing the “seamless” process of transforming energy production into the use of renewable
[...] Read more.
This Special Issue, titled “Sustainable Development Processes for Renewable Energy Technology II: An Overview”, presents a collection of papers in the field of sustainable development in the mineral resource sector, detailing the “seamless” process of transforming energy production into the use of renewable sources [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development Processes for Renewable Energy Technology II)
Open AccessArticle
Low-Carbon Optimal Configuration of Integrated Electricity and Natural Gas Energy System with Life-Cycle Carbon Emission
by
Jianpei Han, Ershun Du, Xunyan Lv and Jinming Hou
Processes 2024, 12(4), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040845 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
In response to the challenges of global warming and the development of A low-carbon economy, the integrated electricity and natural gas energy system (IEGES) is known as an important structure for future energy supply; thus, its planning and design must take low-carbon and
[...] Read more.
In response to the challenges of global warming and the development of A low-carbon economy, the integrated electricity and natural gas energy system (IEGES) is known as an important structure for future energy supply; thus, its planning and design must take low-carbon and environmental protection factors into account. Regarding carbon emissions as an optimization criterion, this paper built life-cycle carbon emission models of IEGES components. Then, taking the capacities of the energy resources, storage and conversion units of IEGES as the optimization variables, a multi-objective optimization configuration model was established considering the annual investment operation cost and the life-cycle carbon emissions. The multi-objective model was transformed into a single-objective one by an ε-constraint approach and the polynomial fitting method was employed to obtain the value of ε for obtaining uniformly distributed Pareto sets. Based on the fuzzy entropy weight method and the fuzzy affiliation degree approach, the obtained Pareto sets were ranked and the solution with the highest ranking value was selected as the optimal solution for the original problem. Finally, the configuration schemes were analyzed from the perspectives of economy, carbon emission and renewable energy utilization, and the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed optimization method were verified through MATLAB simulation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process and Modelling of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Sources)
Open AccessArticle
Pristine and UV-Weathered PET Microplastics as Water Contaminants: Appraising the Potential of the Fenton Process for Effective Remediation
by
Marin Kovačić, Antonija Tomić, Stefani Tonković, Anamarija Pulitika, Josipa Papac Zjačić, Zvonimir Katančić, Boštjan Genorio, Hrvoje Kušić and Ana Lončarić Božić
Processes 2024, 12(4), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040844 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics constitute a significant portion of plastic pollution in the environment and pose substantial environmental challenges. In this study, the effectiveness of the Fenton process and post-oxidation coagulation for the removal of non-weathered and UV-weathered PET microplastics (PET MPs) were
[...] Read more.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics constitute a significant portion of plastic pollution in the environment and pose substantial environmental challenges. In this study, the effectiveness of the Fenton process and post-oxidation coagulation for the removal of non-weathered and UV-weathered PET microplastics (PET MPs) were investigated. A response surface methodology was used to investigate the interplay between PET concentration and ferrous ion (Fe2+) concentration. The models revealed an intricate interplay between these variables, highlighting the need for a balanced system for optimal PET MP removal. For non-weathered PET, the simultaneous increase in the concentrations of both PET microplastics and Fe2+ was found to enhance the removal efficiency. However, this synergistic effect was not observed in UV-weathered PET, which also demonstrated a more pronounced effect from the Fe2+ concentration. The statistical analysis provided a strong basis for the validity of the models. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) further elucidated the mechanisms behind these findings, revealing that UV weathering results in surface changes, which facilitate hydroxyl radical oxidation. These findings underline the complexity of the Fenton process in PET microplastic removal and the different behavior of non-weathered and UV-weathered microplastics. This has significant implications for tailoring remediation strategies and underscores the importance of considering environmental weathering in these strategies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment and Remediation of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
A Linear Fit for Atomic Force Microscopy Nanoindentation Experiments on Soft Samples
by
Stylianos Vasileios Kontomaris, Anna Malamou, Andreas Zachariades and Andreas Stylianou
Processes 2024, 12(4), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040843 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation is a powerful technique for determining the mechanical properties of soft samples at the nanoscale. The Hertz model is typically used for data processing when employing spherical indenters for small indentation depths (h) compared to the
[...] Read more.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation is a powerful technique for determining the mechanical properties of soft samples at the nanoscale. The Hertz model is typically used for data processing when employing spherical indenters for small indentation depths (h) compared to the radius of the tip (R). When dealing with larger indentation depths, Sneddon’s equations can be used instead. In such cases, the fitting procedure becomes more intricate. Nevertheless, as the h/R ratio increases, the force–indentation curves tend to become linear. In this paper the potential of using the linear segment of the curve (for h > R) to determine Young’s modulus is explored. Force–indentation data from mouse and human lung tissues were utilized, and Young’s modulus was calculated using both conventional and linear approximation methods. The linear approximation proved to be accurate in all cases. Gaussian functions were applied to the results obtained from both classic Sneddon’s equations and the simplified approach, resulting in identical distribution means. Moreover, the simplified approach was notably unaffected by contact point determination. The linear segment of the force–indentation curve in deep spherical indentations can accurately determine the Young’s modulus of soft materials at the nanoscale.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Modeling and Control of Biomedical Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Slow-Release Urea Fertilizer with Water Retention and Photosensitivity Properties Based on Sodium Alginate/Carboxymethyl Starch Sodium/Polydopamine
by
Yan Li, Yu Ma, Fan Chang, Haiyun Zhu, Chengshan Tian, Fengan Jia, Yang Ke and Jiakun Dai
Processes 2024, 12(4), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040842 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
Using slow-release fertilizer is one of the sustainable strategies to improve the effectiveness of fertilizers and mitigate the environmental pollution caused by excess usage of fertilizer. In this study, a slow-release urea fertilizer with water retention and photosensitivity properties was prepared by a
[...] Read more.
Using slow-release fertilizer is one of the sustainable strategies to improve the effectiveness of fertilizers and mitigate the environmental pollution caused by excess usage of fertilizer. In this study, a slow-release urea fertilizer with water retention and photosensitivity properties was prepared by a two-step method. It was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and an infrared camera. This fertilizer can prolong the release period of urea, improve water-retention capacity of soil, and carry out photothermal conversion under illumination. Comparing four release kinetics models, the Ritger–Peppas model was the best fitting model for releasing behavior in soil, and diffusion followed the Fickian mechanism. The application of fertilizer on winter wheat was carried out to intuitively evaluate the fertilizer’s effects on promoting plant growth and resisting water stress. Thus, this study provides a new strategy for improving fertilizer utilization rate and maintaining soil moisture, which will be beneficial for sustainable agriculture.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Critical Failure Characteristics of a Straight-Walled Arched Tunnel Constructed in Sandstone under Biaxial Loading
by
Jian Gao, Xiaoshan Wang, Yu Cong, Qiqi Li, Yequan Pan and Xianglin Ding
Processes 2024, 12(4), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040841 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
To characterize the failure of rock mass surrounding underground tunnels, biaxial compression tests were conducted on a real sandstone model with a straight-walled arched hole. The acoustic emission (AE) system and digital image correlation (DIC) optical inspection equipment were used to investigate the
[...] Read more.
To characterize the failure of rock mass surrounding underground tunnels, biaxial compression tests were conducted on a real sandstone model with a straight-walled arched hole. The acoustic emission (AE) system and digital image correlation (DIC) optical inspection equipment were used to investigate the crack evolution process and failure precursors of the tunnel. A two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC2D) was used to conduct numerical simulations on the sample, so as to investigate the mesoscopic failure mechanism of rock mass. The results show that the failure of the single tunnel constructed in sandstone occurs mainly in the walls on both sides (between the spandrels and arch feet), showing slabbing failure characteristics and a certain abruptness. The crack initiation in sandstone in early stage is not obvious, and the crack propagation in rock mass is rapid when acoustic emissions are enhanced. The small increments in the AE count and amplitude and the continuous reduction in the b-value can be used as precursors for the failure of rock mass. When the height–span ratio is 0.8 and 1.0, the stress distribution around the chamber is more uniform, and when the height–span ratio is greater than 1.0, the stress is mainly concentrated in the vault and arch bottom. In the PFC simulations, tensile fractures firstly initiate in the middle of walls and at the arch feet, arcuate fracture concentration zones are then formed, in which shear fractures appear and a few particles spall from the surfaces. When approaching the ultimate bearing capacity, rock masses on both sides of the tunnel are fractured over large areas, and the slender coalesced fractured zone develops to the deep part of rock mass, causing failure of the sample.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Safety and Monitoring of Intelligent and Green Mining Technology)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Event-Driven Day-Ahead and Intra-Day Optimal Dispatch Strategy for Sustainable Operation of Power Systems Considering Major Weather Events
by
Zhifeng Liang, Dayan Sun, Ershun Du and Yuchen Fang
Processes 2024, 12(4), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040840 - 21 Apr 2024
Abstract
As the proportion of renewable energy installations in modern power systems increases, major weather events can easily trigger significant fluctuations in new energy generation and electricity load, presenting the system with the dual challenges of ensuring power supply and renewable energy consumption. Traditional
[...] Read more.
As the proportion of renewable energy installations in modern power systems increases, major weather events can easily trigger significant fluctuations in new energy generation and electricity load, presenting the system with the dual challenges of ensuring power supply and renewable energy consumption. Traditional dispatch models need more coordination and optimization of flexible resources under major weather events and risk management of system operations. This study focuses on provincial-level transmission systems, aiming to achieve the coordinated and optimized dispatch of flexible resources across multiple time scales in response to the complex and variable environments faced by the system. Firstly, by profoundly analyzing the response mechanisms of power systems during major weather events, this study innovatively proposes an event-driven day-ahead and intra-day optimal dispatch strategy for power systems. This strategy can sense and respond to major weather events in the day-ahead phase and adjust dispatch decisions in real time during the intra-day phase, thereby comprehensively enhancing the adaptability of power systems to sudden weather changes. Secondly, by considering the variability of renewable energy sources and electricity demand in the day-ahead and intra-day dispatch plans, the strategy ensures efficient and reliable power system operation under normal and major weather event scenarios. Finally, the method’s effectiveness is validated using actual data from a provincial-level power grid in China. The proposed dispatch strategy enhances the resilience and adaptability of power systems to major weather events, which are becoming increasingly frequent and severe due to climate change. The research demonstrates that an event-driven day-ahead and intra-day optimal dispatch strategy can enhance the economic efficiency and robustness of power system operations through the coordinated dispatch of flexible resources during major weather events, thereby supporting the transition toward sustainable energy systems that are resilient against the challenges of a changing climate.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Study on the Influence of Perforating Parameters on the Flow Rate and Stress Distribution of Multi-Fracture Competitive Propagation
by
Xing Zhao, Jin Zhao, Hehua Wang and Yuandong Liu
Processes 2024, 12(4), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040839 - 21 Apr 2024
Abstract
It is of great significance to investigate the flow rate and stress distribution of multi-fracture propagation for the optimization of perforation parameters and fracture parameters. Considering the coupling of rock deformation, fracture direction and fluid flow in multi-fracture scenarios, a mathematical model and
[...] Read more.
It is of great significance to investigate the flow rate and stress distribution of multi-fracture propagation for the optimization of perforation parameters and fracture parameters. Considering the coupling of rock deformation, fracture direction and fluid flow in multi-fracture scenarios, a mathematical model and solution program for the flow and stress distribution of multiple fractures are established, and the analytical model is used for comparison and verification. The effects of perforation cluster number, cluster spacing, perforation diameter on fracture extension trajectory, fracture width, flow rate of each fracture and stress field are studied by the model. The results show that, as the number of perforating clusters increases, the inner fracture is inhibited more severely with less width, length and flow distribution, as well as lower bottom hole pressure. With the increase in cluster spacing, the stress interference between whole fractures is weakened and the flow distribution of the inner fracture is increased with lower bottom hole pressure. With the decrease in perforation diameter, the inhibition effect of inside fractures is weakened, while the inhibition effect of outside fractures, the flow distribution of inside fractures and the bottom hole pressure are increased. The uniform propagation of multiple fractures can be promoted by decreasing the perforation clusters’ number and perforation diameter or increasing fracture spacing.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydraulic Fracturing Technology for Unconventional Reservoirs)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Pulsation Stability Analysis of a Prototype Pump-Turbine during Pump Mode Startup: Field Test Observations and Insights
by
Ming Xia, Weiqiang Zhao, Zhengwei Wang and Mu Qiao
Processes 2024, 12(4), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040838 - 21 Apr 2024
Abstract
Pump-turbines experience complex flow phenomena and fluid–structure interactions during transient operations, which can significantly impact their stability and performance. This paper presents a comprehensive field test study of the pump mode startup process for a 150 MW prototype pump-turbine. By analyzing pressure fluctuations,
[...] Read more.
Pump-turbines experience complex flow phenomena and fluid–structure interactions during transient operations, which can significantly impact their stability and performance. This paper presents a comprehensive field test study of the pump mode startup process for a 150 MW prototype pump-turbine. By analyzing pressure fluctuations, structural vibrations, and their short-time Fourier transform (STFT) results, multiple stages were identified, each exhibiting distinct characteristics. These characteristics were influenced by factors such as runner rotation, free surface sloshing in the draft tube, and rotor–stator interactions. The natural frequencies of the metallic components varied during the speed-up and water-filling stages, potentially due to gyroscopic effects or stress-stiffening phenomena. The opening of the guide vanes and dewatering valve inside the guide vanes significantly altered the amplitude of the rotor–stator interaction frequency, transitioning the vibration behavior from forced to self-excited regimes. Interestingly, the draft tube pressure fluctuations exhibited sloshing frequencies that deviated from existing prediction methods. The substantial phenomena observed in this study can help researchers in the field to deepen the understanding of the complex behavior of pump-turbines during transient operations and identify more meaningful research directions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Simulation and Experiment Methods of Flow Instability in Hydraulic Machinery)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Failure Prediction of Coal Mine Equipment Braking System Based on Digital Twin Models
by
Pubo Gao, Sihai Zhao and Yi Zheng
Processes 2024, 12(4), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040837 - 20 Apr 2024
Abstract
The primary function of a mine hoist is the transportation of personnel and equipment, serving as a crucial link between underground and surface systems. The proper functioning of key components such as work braking and safety braking is essential for ensuring the safety
[...] Read more.
The primary function of a mine hoist is the transportation of personnel and equipment, serving as a crucial link between underground and surface systems. The proper functioning of key components such as work braking and safety braking is essential for ensuring the safety of both personnel and equipment, thereby playing a critical role in the safe operation of coal mines. As coal mining operations extend to greater depths, they introduce heightened challenges for safe transportation, compounded by increased equipment loss. Consequently, there is a pressing need to enhance safety protocols to safeguard personnel and materials. Traditional maintenance and repair methods, characterized by routine equipment inspections and scheduled downtime, often fall short in addressing emerging issues promptly, leading to production delays and heightened risks for maintenance personnel. This underscores the necessity of adopting predictive maintenance strategies, leveraging digital twin models to anticipate and prevent potential faults in mine hoists. In summary, the implementation of predictive maintenance techniques grounded in digital twin technology represents a proactive and scientifically rigorous approach to ensuring the continued safe operation of mine hoists amidst the evolving challenges of deepening coal mining operations. In this study, we propose the integration of a CNN-LSTM algorithm within a digital twin framework for predicting faults in mine hoist braking systems. Utilizing software such as AMESim 2019 and MATLAB 2016b, we conduct joint simulations of the hoist braking digital twin system. Subsequently, leveraging the simulation model, we establish a fault diagnosis platform for the hoist braking system. Finally, employing the CNN-LSTM network model, we forecast failures in the mine hoist braking system. Experimental findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm, achieving a prediction accuracy of 95.35%. Comparative analysis against alternative algorithms confirms the superior performance of our approach.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Process Control and Monitoring)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Six-Tower Pressure Swing Adsorption Demonstration Animation
by
Hancheng Xu, Guangxue Li and Luyao Zhang
Processes 2024, 12(4), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040836 - 20 Apr 2024
Abstract
The Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) technique is a widely embraced automated method for gas separation within the industrial sector, prized for its operational simplicity and substantial economic benefits. In practice, the process typically involves the use of multiple towers to facilitate the completion
[...] Read more.
The Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) technique is a widely embraced automated method for gas separation within the industrial sector, prized for its operational simplicity and substantial economic benefits. In practice, the process typically involves the use of multiple towers to facilitate the completion of the PSA cycle. However, with the increasing number of towers in a PSA system, the intricacies of the cyclic process tend to amplify, posing challenges for novices attempting to grasp the mechanics of a six-tower PSA cycle. Utilizing animation can facilitate the process of comprehending these complex techniques by presenting them in a simplified and visually engaging format. Therefore, our research group has designed an animated depiction of a six-tower PSA device, predicated on the prototype established in our laboratory. This animation furnishes an inclusive demonstration of a complete cycle, encompassing twelve steps, pertaining to the operation of a six-tower PSA. It is our aspiration that this tool will prove advantageous for those who are embarking on the journey of understanding multi-tower PSA, as well as for seasoned professionals engaged in the field of pressure swing adsorption.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Research on the Mechanical Properties and Structural Optimization of Pipe String Joint under Deep Well Fracturing Operation
by
Chentao Ma, Yonggang Duan, Kun Huang, Qianwen Mo, Qi Chen and Tiesong Fu
Processes 2024, 12(4), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040835 - 20 Apr 2024
Abstract
In order to reduce the failure accidents caused by the insufficient strength of fracturing string joints, theoretical calculation and string design methods were adopted to conduct finite element calculations on commonly used long circular threads. The distribution laws of stress and contact pressure
[...] Read more.
In order to reduce the failure accidents caused by the insufficient strength of fracturing string joints, theoretical calculation and string design methods were adopted to conduct finite element calculations on commonly used long circular threads. The distribution laws of stress and contact pressure of long round threads were obtained, a non-standard special thread was designed, and a finite element model of the joint of the casing was established. Considering different make-up torques, tensile loads, and tensile torque loads within a certain range, the stress variation law of the special casing threaded joint under this design size was analyzed. Finally, the stress and contact pressure variation law on the threaded tooth was analyzed under different structures, working conditions, and wall thickness parameters. The thread strength and sealing function were compared under various parameters. The results showed that the smaller the wall thickness of the joints, the greater the contact pressure at the threaded tooth. Among them, the contact pressure of the external threaded tooth is too high, and is prone to the sticking phenomenon. The distribution of contact pressure in the middle section is relatively reasonable. Compared with the original structure, the new structure significantly reduces the contact pressure at the head and tail ends of the threaded connection, reducing the risk of sticking.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment and Reliability Engineering of Process Operations)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Why Carbon Nanotubes Improve Aqueous Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity: A Qualitative Model Critical Review
by
Ibrahim Khoswan, Heba Nassar, Mohyeddin Assali, Abdelrahim AbuSafa, Shadi Sawalha and Hikmat S. Hilal
Processes 2024, 12(4), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040834 - 19 Apr 2024
Abstract
Media thermal conductivity is important in various heat-transfer processes. Many conventional fluid conductors suffered low conductivity and environmental issues. Therefore, research was active in finding out alternative systems, mostly relying on aqueous liquids that are low-cost and ecofriendly. After the emergence of carbon
[...] Read more.
Media thermal conductivity is important in various heat-transfer processes. Many conventional fluid conductors suffered low conductivity and environmental issues. Therefore, research was active in finding out alternative systems, mostly relying on aqueous liquids that are low-cost and ecofriendly. After the emergence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their many special structural, electrical and thermal properties, they have been examined for many applications, including heat-transfer processes. Adding CNTs to water yields CNT aqueous nanofluids that have been widely investigated as heat-transfer media. The literature shows that CNT addition improves water thermal conductivity and other water properties, such as viscosity, surface tension, freezing point and boiling point. The literature also shows that nanofluid thermal conductivity improvement is affected by CNT type and concentration, in addition to other factors such as surfactant addition. All these subjects were widely described in literature, focusing on experimental, modelling and theoretical accounts. Despite the wide literature, there exist inconsistencies and discrepancies between reports that need to be justified. In addition to technical papers, many reviews were published on various aspects of the subject including experimental results and mathematical modeling. However, the very basic question here is as follows: Why does adding CNT to water affect its thermal conductivity? In spite of the wide published literature, this issue was not targeted in a simple qualitative approach. This review provides a clear understanding of how CNTs improve thermal conductivity of aqueous nanofluids. A qualitative model is presented to explain mechanisms behind improvement as presented in the literature. CNT type effects are discussed with other factors such as aspect ratio, Reynold number, dispersion quality, composition, temperature and additives. CNT functionalization is described. Relations to estimate nanofluid thermal conductivity are discussed. The model will help specialists to tailor CNT aqueous nanofluid characteristics as desired by varying types and concentrations of CNT and surfactant, and other factors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends and Processes in Nanofluids and Carbon-Based Nanoparticles)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Assessing Phytoremediation Potential: Dominant Plants in Soils Impacted by Polymetal(loid)lic Mining
by
Boxin Wang, Juan Hou, Xueyong Wu, Xuekui Niu and Fengping Zhou
Processes 2024, 12(4), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040833 - 19 Apr 2024
Abstract
Phytoremediation, an ecological approach aimed at addressing polymetal(loid)lic-contaminated mining soils, has encountered adaptability challenges. Dominant plant species, well-suited to the local conditions, have emerged as promising candidates for this purpose. This study focused on assessing the phytoremediation potential of ten plant species that
[...] Read more.
Phytoremediation, an ecological approach aimed at addressing polymetal(loid)lic-contaminated mining soils, has encountered adaptability challenges. Dominant plant species, well-suited to the local conditions, have emerged as promising candidates for this purpose. This study focused on assessing the phytoremediation potential of ten plant species that thrived in heavy metal(loid)-contaminated mining soils. This investigation covered nine heavy metal(loid)s (As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Zn) in both plants and rhizosphere soils. The results revealed a significant impact of mining activities, with heavy metal(loid) concentrations surpassing the Yunnan Province’s background levels by 1.06 to 362 times, highlighting a significant concern for remediation. The average levels of the heavy metal(loid)s followed the order of As (3.98 × 103 mg kg−1) > Cu (2.83 × 103 mg kg−1) > Zn (815 mg kg−1) > Sn (176 mg kg−1) > Pb (169 mg kg−1) > Cr (68.1 mg kg−1) > Ni (36.2 mg kg−1) > Cd (0.120 mg kg−1) > Hg (0.0390 mg kg−1). The bioconcentration factors (BCFs), bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), and translocation factors (TFs) varied among the native plants, indicating diverse adaptation strategies. Low BCFs and BAFs (ranging from 0.0183 to 0.418 and 0.0114 to 0.556, respectively) suggested a low bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s. Among the species, both J. effusus and P. capitata showed remarkable abilities for As accumulation, while A. adenophora demonstrated a notable accumulation ability for various heavy metal(loid)s, especially Cd, with relatively high BCFs (1.88) and BAFs (3.11), and the TF at 1.66 further underscored the crucial role of translocation in preventing root toxicity. These findings emphasized the potential of these plant species in mine ecological restoration and phytoremediation, guiding targeted environmental rehabilitation strategies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remediation of Contaminated Sites: Volume II)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Raman Technology for Process Control: Waste Shell Demineralization for Producing Transparent Polymer Foils Reinforced with Natural Antioxidants and Calcium Acetate By-Products
by
Simona Cîntă Pînzaru, Iuliana-Cornelia Poplăcean, Karlo Maškarić, Dănuț-Alexandru Dumitru, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran, Tudor-Liviu Tămaș, Fran Nekvapil and Bogdan Neculai
Processes 2024, 12(4), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040832 - 19 Apr 2024
Abstract
Waste biogenic materials derived from seafood exploitation represent valuable resources of new compounds within the blue bioeconomy concept. Here, we describe the effectiveness of Raman technology implementation as an in-line tool for the demineralization process control of crustaceans or gastropods. Transparent chitin polymeric
[...] Read more.
Waste biogenic materials derived from seafood exploitation represent valuable resources of new compounds within the blue bioeconomy concept. Here, we describe the effectiveness of Raman technology implementation as an in-line tool for the demineralization process control of crustaceans or gastropods. Transparent chitin polymeric foils and calcium acetate by-products were obtained from three waste crustacean shells (C. sapidus, S. mantis, and M. squinado) using a slow, green chemical approach employing acetic acid. Progressive mineral dissolution and increasing of the Raman characteristic signal of chitin is shown in a time-dependent manner using NIR-Raman spectroscopy, while resonance Raman shows intact carotenoids in reacted shells after 2 weeks. Chitin foil products are species-specific, and the demineralization bath of the waste shell mixture can be effectively tracked by Raman tools for solvent control and decision making for the recovery of calcium acetate by-products. Comparatively obtained calcium acetate from Rapana venosa snail shells, the subject of Raman analyses, allowed assessing by-product identity, hydration status, purity, and suitability as recrystallized material for further use as a pharmaceutical compound derived from different crustaceans or gastropod species. Cross validation of the results was done using FT-IR, XRD, and SEM-EDX techniques. A hand-held flexible TacticID Raman system with 1064 nm excitation demonstrated its effectiveness as a rapid, in-line decision making tool during process control and revealed excellent reproducibility of the lab-based instrument signal, suitable for in situ evaluation of the demineralization status and solvent saturation control.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal and Resource Utilization)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
CFD Analysis of the Pressure Drop Caused by the Screen Blockage Rate in a Membrane Strainer
by
Inhong Min, Jongwoong Choi, Gwangjae Kim and Hyunsik Jo
Processes 2024, 12(4), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040831 - 19 Apr 2024
Abstract
Autostrainer is used for the purpose of debris removal in order to increase the efficiency of the heat exchanger by taking the required raw water as a heat source for the pre-cooling hydrothermal system. During the operation of the autostrainer, a pressure drop
[...] Read more.
Autostrainer is used for the purpose of debris removal in order to increase the efficiency of the heat exchanger by taking the required raw water as a heat source for the pre-cooling hydrothermal system. During the operation of the autostrainer, a pressure drop occurs due to the blockage of the screen in the autostrainer. As a result, the resistance of the pipe network for the intake system is changed, and the operating efficiency point of the pump, valve, heat exchanger, etc., is altered. By calculating the system resistance taking into account the pressure drop caused by the blockage rate of the screen in the autostrainer, the optimum operating efficiency can be expected when the intake system such as a pump, valve or heat exchanger, etc. is constructed. In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to construct a scenario in which screen blockage may occur, predicting pressure drop for the slot cross-section of the screen in the autostrainer to derive a resistance coefficient value. The resistance coefficient value was applied to the porous region corresponding to the screen in the autostrainer’s 3D shape and compared with the experimental value for the pressure drop and headloss coefficient. By predicting the pressure drop for the autostrainer’s screen blockage rate of 0% to 50%, the coefficient of headloss required for the design of the intake system was calculated. Additionally, in order to predict the debris removal rate, which is the original role of the autostrainer, the debris was assumed to be particles, and sedimentation rate was predicted according to the size and weight of the particles. Building on this, when introducing the autostrainer used in pre-cooling into the membrane filtration process, due to the pressure loss caused by the inflow of debris during the use of the autostrainer, this study aims to utilize Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to derive the head loss coefficients according to the screen blockage rate, and use these coefficients to calculate the system’s resistance curve. Additionally, in this study, the term “autostrainer” is used instead of the term “membrane strainer” to align with more popular terminology.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Processes Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Analytica, Foods, Molecules, Processes, Separations
New Trends on Separation and Extraction of Bioactive Compounds and Respective Applications
Topic Editors: Isabel Maria Duque Martins, Madalena M. DiasDeadline: 30 April 2024
Topic in
Materials, Minerals, Processes, Sustainability, Toxics, Water
Removal of Hazardous Substances from Water Resources
Topic Editors: Gujie Qian, Yan Zhou, Weifeng ChenDeadline: 20 May 2024
Topic in
Energies, Materials, Processes, Solar, Sustainability
Solar Thermal Energy and Photovoltaic Systems, 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Pedro Dinis Gaspar, Pedro Dinho da Silva, Luís C. PiresDeadline: 31 May 2024
Topic in
Clean Technol., Energies, Environments, Processes, Sustainability
Sustainable Energy: Efficient Technological Solutions Combining Environmental, Economic, Political and Social Aspects
Topic Editors: Fabio Orecchini, Adriano Santiangeli, Fabrizio ZuccariDeadline: 15 June 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Processes
New Trends and Perspectives on In Vitro Digestion Processes and Applications
Guest Editors: Krzysztof Dziedzic, Anabela Raymundo, Kristian PastorDeadline: 25 April 2024
Special Issue in
Processes
Chemical Process Modelling and Simulation
Guest Editor: Tamás VargaDeadline: 30 April 2024
Special Issue in
Processes
Design Processes via Manipulation of Nanoparticles and Their Suitability for Gas Sensors
Guest Editors: Gugu Hlengiwe Mhlongo, Dimitra PapadakiDeadline: 15 May 2024
Special Issue in
Processes
Advances in Sol-Gel Processes
Guest Editors: Stéphanie Lambert, Julien MahyDeadline: 31 May 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Processes
Modeling, Simulation and Computation on Dynamics of Complex Fluids
Collection Editors: Gabriella Bognár, Krisztian Hriczo
Topical Collection in
Processes
Multi-Objective Optimization of Processes
Collection Editors: Gade Pandu Rangaiah, Andrew Hoadley
Topical Collection in
Processes
Principles of Modular Design and Control in Complex Systems
Collection Editor: Cong T. Trinh
Topical Collection in
Processes
Sustainable Food Processing Processes
Collection Editors: Dariusz Dziki, Renata Różyło, Urszula Gawlik-Dziki