Academia Sinica Life Science Library -- Publications

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Publications

Inst. of Cellular and Organismic Biology - 黃鵬鵬 Pung-Pung Hwang

Journal 150

Chuang, H. J., L. Chiu, J. J. Yan. C. Y. Chang, Y. H. Tang, M. Y. Chou, H. T. Yu, (P. P. Hwang*). Responses of fish ammonia production and excretion to overcome acidified environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. 445: 130539, 1-11, 2023-03-05. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tseng, Y. C., J. J. Yan, F. Furukawa, R. D. Chen, J. R. Lee, Y. L. Tsou, T. Y. Liu, Y. H. Tang and (P. P. Hwang*). Teleostean fishes may have developed an efficient Na+ uptake for adaptation to the freshwater system. FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY. 13:947958, 1-15, 2022-10-05. [JCR]　[WOS]
Shih, S. W., J. J. Yan, Y. L. Tsou, S. W. Lu, M. C. Wang, M. Y. Chou and (P. P. Hwang*). In vivo functional assay in fish gills: exploring branchial acid-excreting mechanisms in zebrafish. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES. 23(8), 4419, 1-12, 2022-04-16. [JCR]　[WOS]
Shih, S. W., J. J. Yan, Y. H. Wang, Y. L. Tsou, L. Chiu, Y. C. Tseng, M. Y. Chou and (P. P. Hwang*). Estrogen-related receptor γ2 controls NaCl uptake to maintain ionic homeostasis. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY. 251(2), 149-159, 2021-10-22. [JCR]　[WOS]
Wang, M. C., M. T. Hsu, C. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, R. D. Chen, J. R. Lee, Y. L. Chou, H. P. Tseng, F. Furukawa, S. L. Hwang, (P. P. Hwang) and Y. C. Tseng*. Adaptive metabolic responses in a thermostabilized environment: Transgenerational trade-off implications from tropical tilapia. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. 806, 1-11, 2021-09-29. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, C. H., H. J. Hu, H. J. Chuang, Y. L. Tsou and (P. P. Hwang*). Cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor 2 regulate acid secretion in medaka (Oryzias latipes) larvae. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 191(5), 855-864, 2021-07-21. [JCR]　[WOS]
Yan, J. J., Y. C. Lee, Y. L. Tsou, Y. C. Tseng and (P. P. Hwang*). Insulin-like growth factor 1 triggers salt secretion machinery in fish under acute salinity stress. J Endocrinol.. 246(3),277-288, 2020-09. [JCR]　[WOS]
Allen, G. J.P.., P. L. Kuan, Y. C. Tseng, (P. P. Hwang), A. R. Quijada-Rodriguez and D. Weihrauch*. Specialized adaptations allow vent-endemic crabs (Xenograpsus testudinatus) to thrive under extreme environmental hypercapnia. Sci. Rep.. 10(1), 2020-07-16. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tong, S. K., H. L. Lee, Y. C. Lee, L. C. Wu, Y. L. Tsou, S. W. Lu, S. W. Shih, (P. P. Hwang*) and M. Y. Chou*. Arginine vasopressin modulates ion and acid/base balance by regulating cell numbers of sodium chloride cotransporter and H+-ATPase rich ionocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci.. 21(11),3957, 2020-06. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tseng, Y. C., J. J. Yan, F. Furukawa and (P. P. Hwang*). Did acidic stress resistance in vertebrates evolve as Na+/H+ exchanger-mediated ammonia excretion in fish?. Bioessays. 42: e1900161, 2020-05. [JCR]　[WOS]
Koyama, M., F. Furukawa*, Y. Koga, S. Funayama, S.Furukawa, O. Baba, C. C. Lin, (P. P. Hwang), S. Moriyama, S. Okumura. Gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism during development of Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 318(3),R619-633, 2020-03. [JCR]　[WOS]
3. Lonthair, J., (P. P. Hwang) and A. J. Esbaugh*. The early life stages of the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, exhibit robustness to hypercapnia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 77, 1066-1074, 2020. [JCR]　[WOS]
Yan, J. J and P. P. Hwang*. Novel discoveries in acid-base regulation and osmoregulation: a review of selected hormonal actions in zebrafish and medaka. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.. 277,20-29, 2019-06-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chen, Y. C., B. K. Liao, Y. F. Lu, Y. H. Liu, F. C. Hsieh, P. P. Hwang and S. P. L. Hwang*. Zebrafish Klf4 maintains the ionocyte progenitor population by regulating epidermal stem cell proliferation and lateral inhibition. PLoS GENETICS. 15(4),e1008058, 2019-04-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Narita, Y., A. Tsutiya, Y. Nakano, M. Ashitomi, K. Sato, K. Hosono, T. Kaneko, R. D. Chen, J. R. Lee, Y. C. Tseng, P. P. Hwang, and R. Ohtani-Kaneko*. Androgen induced cellular proliferation, neurogenesis, and generation of GnRH3 neurons in the brain of mature female Mozambique tilapia. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS. 8, 16855, 2018-11-15. [JCR]　[WOS]
Han TY, Wu CY, Tsai HC, Cheng YP, Chen WF, Lin TC, Wang CY, Lee JR, Hwang PP, Lu FI. Comparison of Calcium Balancing Strategies During Hypothermic Acclimation of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and Goldfish (Carassius auratus). Frontiers in physiology. 9, 1224, 2018-09-03. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin LY, Yeh YH, Hung GY, Lin CH, Hwang PP, Horng JL. Role of Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Mechanotransducer-Channel-Mediated Ca(2+) Influx in Hair Cells of Zebrafish Larvae. Frontiers in physiology. 9, 649, 2018-05-30. [JCR]　[WOS]
Guh YJ, Hwang PP. Corrigendum to "Insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms of hormonal actions on fish ion regulation derived from the zebrafish model" [Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 251 (2017) 12-20]. General and comparative endocrinology. 259, 240, 2018-04-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Guh, Y. J, and P. P. Hwang*. Insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms of hormonal actions on fish ion regulation derived from the zebrafish model. General and Comparative Endocrinology. 251,12-20, 2017-09. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, C. H., H. J. Hu and P. P. Hwang*. Molecular physiology of the hypocalcemic action of fibroblast growth factor 23 in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Endocrinology. 158(5), 1347-1358, 2017. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, C. H., H. J. Hu and P. P. Hwang. Cortisol regulates sodium homeostasis by stimulating the transcription of sodium-chloride transporter (NCC) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Mol Cell Endocrinol. 422, 93-102, 2016-02. [JCR]　[WOS]
Guh, Y. J., C. Y. Yang, S. T, Liu, C. J. Huang and P. P. Hwang. Oestrogen-related receptor α is required for transepithelial H+ secretion in zebrafish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences. 283, 20152582, 2016-02. [JCR]　[WOS]
Wang, Y. F., A. G. Lafont, Y. C. Lee and P. P. Hwang*. A novel function of calcitonin gene-related peptide in body fluid Cl- homeostasis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences. 283(1832), 20160684, 2016. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, C. H., W. C. Kuan, B. K. Liao, A. N. Deng, D. Y. Tseng and P. P. Hwang* . Environmental and cortisol-mediated control of Ca2+ uptake in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Journal of Comparative Physiology B-Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology. 186(3), 323-332, 2016. [JCR]　[WOS]
Wu, B. K., R. Y. Yuan, H. W. Lien, C. C. Hung, P. P. Hwang, R. P. Chen, Y. F. Liao and C. J. Hwang*. Multiple signaling factors and drugs alleviate neuronal death induced by expression of human and zebrafish tau proteins in vivo. Journal of Biomedical Science. 23, 25, 2016. [JCR]　[WOS]
Liu, S. T., J. L. Horng, P. Y. Chen, P. P. Hwang* and L. Y. Lin*. Salt secretion is linked to acid-base regulation of ionocyte in seawater acclimated medaka: new insights into the salt secreting mechanism. Scientific Reports. 6, 31433, 2016. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lien, H. W., R. Y. Yuan, C. M. Chou, Y. C. Chen, C. C. Hung, C. H. Hu, S. P. Hwang, P. P. Hwang, C. N. Shen, C. L. Chen, C. H. Cheng and C. J. Huang. Zebrafish cyclin Dx is required for development of motor neuron progenitors, and its expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 2α. Scientific Reports. 6, 28297, 2016. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, C. H., T, H Shih, S. T. Liu, H. H. Hsu and P. P. Hwang. Cortisol regulates acid secretion of H+-ATPase-rich ionocytes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. . Frontiers in Physiology. 6, 328, 2015-11. [JCR]　[WOS]
Wang, Y. F., J. J. Yan, Y. C. Che, R. D. Chen and P. P. Hwang. Molecular physiology of an extra-renal Cl- uptake mechanism for body fluid Cl-homeostasis. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 11(10), 1190-1203, 2015-08. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hu, M. Y., P. P. Hwang* and Y. C. Tseng. Recent advances in understanding trans-epithelial acid-base regulation and excretion mechanisms in cephalopods. . Tissue Barriers. 3, e10641, 2015-07. [JCR]　[WOS]
Stumpp, M., M. Y. Hu, Y. C. Tseng, Y. J. Guh, Y. C. Chen, J. K. Yu, Y. H. Su and P. P. Hwang. Evolution of extreme stomach pH in bilateria inferred from gastric alkalization mechanisms in basal deuterostomes. Scientific Reports. 5, 10421, 2015-06. [JCR]　[WOS]
Guh, Y. J., C. H. Lin and P. P. Hwang. Osmoregulation in zebrafish: ion transport mechanisms and functional regulation. EXCLI J.. 14, 627-659, 2015-05. [JCR]　[WOS]
Furukawa, F., Y. C. Tseng, S. T. Liu, Y. L. Chou, C. C. Lin, P. H. Sung, K. Uchida, L. Y. Lin and P. P. Hwang. Induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) during acute acidosis and its role in acid secretion by V-ATPase-expressing ionocytes. Int. J. Biol. Sci.. 11, 712-725, 2015. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, C. H., T, H Shih, S. T. Liu, H. H. Hsu and P. P. Hwang*. Cortisol regulates acid secretion of H+-ATPase-rich ionocytes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Frontiers in Physiology. 6, 328, 2015. [JCR]　[WOS]
Shao, Y. T., Y. C. Tseng, C. H. Chang, H. Y. Yan, P. P. Hwang and B. Borg. GnRH mRNA levels in male three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, under different reproductive conditions. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 180, 6-17, 2015. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chou, M. Y., P. L. Chao, J. C. Hung, S. A. Cruz and P. P. Hwang. Stanniocalcin-1 controls ion regulation functions of ion-transporting epithelium other than calcium balance. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 11(2), 122-132, 2015. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, S. J., D. Y. Lee, H. C. Wang, S. T. Kang, P. P. Hwang, G. H. Kou, M. F. Huang, G. D. Chang and C. F. Lo. White Spot Syndrome Virus Protein Kinase 1 (PK1) Defeats the Host Cell's Iron Withholding Defense Mechanism by Interacting with Host Ferritin. Journal of Virology. 89(2), 1083-1093, 2015. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hsu, H. H., L. Y. Lin, Y. C. Tseng, J. L. Horng and P. P. Hwang. A new model for fish ion regulation: Identification of ionocytes in freshwater- and seawater-acclimated medaka (Oryzias latipes). Cell Tissue Res. 357(1), 225-243, 2014. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tseng, Y. C., S. T. Liu, M. Y. Hu, R. D. Cheng, J. R. Lee and P. P. Hwang. Brain functioning under acute hypothermic stress supported by dynamic monocarboxylate utilization and transport in ectothermic fish. Front. Frontiers in Zoology. 11, 53, 2014. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hu, M. Y., Y. J. Guh, M. Stumpp, J, R, Lee, R. D. Chen, P. H. Sung, Y. C. Chen, P. P. Hwang and Y. C. Tseng. Branchial NH4+-dependent acid–base transport mechanisms and energy metabolism of squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) affected by seawater acidification. . Front. Zool.. 11, 55, 2014. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin CH, Su CH, Hwang PP. Calcium-sensing receptor mediates Ca2+ homeostasis by modulating expression of PTH and stanniocalcin. Endocrinology. 155(1), 56-67, 2014. [JCR]　[WOS]
Cheng, C.H., C. M. Chou, C. Y. Chu, G. D. Chen, H. W. Lien, P. P. Hwang, M. S. Chang and C. J. Huang. Differential regulation of Tetraodon nigroviridis Mx gene promoter activity by constitutively-active forms of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 38(1), 230-243, 2014. [JCR]　[WOS]
Guh, Y. J., Y. C. Tseng, C. Y. Yang and P. P. Hwang. Endothelin-1 regulates H+-ATPase-dependent transepithelial H+ secretion in zebrafish. Endocrinology. 155(5), 1728-1737, 2014. [JCR]　[WOS]
50. Han, H. W., C. M. Chou, C. Y. Chu, C. H. Cheng, C. H. Yang, C. C. Hung, P. P. Hwang, S. J. Lee, Y. F. Liao, and C. J. Huang. The Nogo-C2/Nogo receptor complex regulates the morphogenesis of zebrafish lateral line primordium through modulating the expression of dkk1b, a Wnt signal inhibitor. PloS One. 9(1), e86345, 2014. [JCR]　[WOS]
Trayer V, Hwang PP, Prunet P, Thermes V. Assessment of the role of cortisol and corticosteroid receptors in epidermal ionocyte development in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. General and Comparative Endocrinology. 194, 152-161, 2013-12. [JCR]　[WOS]
Cruz SA, Lin CH, Chao PL, Hwang PP. Glucocorticoid receptor, but not mineralocorticoid receptor, mediates cortisol regulation of epidermal ionocyte development and ion transport in zebrafish (danio rerio). PLoS One.. 8(10), e77997, 2013-10. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lien HW, Yang CH, Cheng CH, Hung CC, Liao WH, Hwang PP, Han YS, Huang CJ. A novel zinc finger protein 219-like (ZNF219L) is involved in the regulation of collagen type 2 alpha 1a (col2a1a) gene expression in zebrafish notochord. Int J Biol Sci.. 9(9), 872-886, 2013-09. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hwang PP, Chou MY. Zebrafish as an animal model to study ion homeostasis. Pflugers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology. 465(9), 1233-1247, 2013-09. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chang WJ, Wang YF, Hu HJ, Wang JH, Lee TH, Hwang PP. Compensatory regulation of Na+ absorption by Na+/H+ exchanger and Na+-Cl- cotransporter in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Front Zool. 10(1), 46, 2013-08. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hu MY, Lee JR, Lin LY, Shih TH, Stumpp M, Lee MF, Hwang PP, Tseng YC. Development in a naturally acidified environment: Na+/H+-exchanger 3-based proton secretion leads to CO2 tolerance in cephalopod embryos. Front Zool.. 10(1), 51, 2013-08. [JCR]　[WOS]
Liao WH, Cheng CH, Hung KS, Chiu WT, Chen GD, Hwang PP, Hwang SP, Kuan YS, Huang CJ. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (Ptpro) regulates cerebellar formation during zebrafish development through modulating Fgf signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci.. 70(13), 2367-2381, 2013-07. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tseng YC, Hu MY, Stumpp M, Lin LY, Melzner F, Hwang PP. CO(2)-driven seawater acidification differentially affects development and molecular plasticity along life history of fish (Oryzias latipes). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 165(2), 119-130, 2013-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tseng YC, Kao ZJ, Liu ST, Chen RD, Hwang PP. Spatial expression and functional flexibility of monocarboxylate transporter isoforms in the zebrafish brain. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 165(2), 106-118, 2013-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Kang CK, Yang WK, Lin ST, Liu CC, Lin HM, Chen HH, Cheng CW, Lee TH, Hwang PP. The acute and regulatory phases of time-course changes in gill mitochondrion-rich cells of seawater-acclimated medaka (Oryzias dancena) when exposed to hypoosmotic environments. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 164(1), 181-191, 2013-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Wei-Jen Chang1,2,3, Yi-Fang Wang1,4, Huei-Jyun Hu1,4, Jung-Hsuan Wang1,5, Tsung-Han Lee2,3 and Pung-Pung Hwang1*. Compensatory regulation of Na+ absorption by Na+/H+ exchanger and Na+-Cl- cotransporter in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Frontiers in Zoology. 10, 46, 2013. [JCR]　[WOS]
Cruz, S. A., P. L. Chao and P. P. Hwang. Cortisol promotes differentiation of epidermal ionocytes through Foxi3 transcription factors in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 16491), 249-257, 2013. [JCR]　[WOS]
Yang, W. K., C. K. Kang, C. H. Chang, A. D. Hsu, T. H. Lee and P. P. Hwang. Expression profiles of branchial FXYD proteins in the brackish medaka Oryzias dancena: a potential saltwater fish model for studies of osmoregulation. PLoS One. 8(1), e55470, 2013. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hwang, P. P. and M. Y. Chou. Zebrafish as an animal model to study ion homeostasis. Pflugers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology. 465(9), 1233-1247, 2013. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chia-Cheng Lin, Li-Yih Lin, Hao-Hsuan Hsu, Violette Thermes, Patrick Prunet,Jiun-Lin Horng and Pung-Pung Hwang. Acid secretion by mitochondrion-rich cells of medaka (Oryzias latipes) acclimated to acidic freshwater. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 302(2), R283-R291, 2012-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Shih, T. H., J. L. Horng, S. T. Liu, P. P. P. Hwang* and L. Y. Lin . Rhcg1 and NHE3b are involved in ammonium-dependent sodium uptake by zebrafish larvae acclimated to low-sodium water. . American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 302, R84-R93, 2012-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
51. Lin, C. H., C. H. Su, D. Y. Tseng, F. C. Ding and P. P. Hwang*. Action of vitamin D and the receptor, VDRa, in calcium handling in zebrafish (Danio rerio). PLoS ONE. 7(9), e45650, 2012. [JCR]　[WOS]
50. Shao, Y. T., Y. C. Tseng, S. Trombley, P. P. Hwang, M, Schmitz and B. Borg. Schistocephalus solidus infections increase gonadotropins and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH3) mRNA levels in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Parasitol. Int.. 61(3), 470-474, 2012. [JCR]　[WOS]
52. Dymowska, A., P. P. Hwang and G. G. Goss . Structure and function of ionocytes in the freshwater fish gill. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 184(3), 282-292, 2012. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chang, W. J. and P. P. Hwang*. Development of zebrafish epidermis. Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews. 93, 205-214. (Invited Review Article)., 2011. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hu, M. Y., Y. C. Tseng, L. Y. Lin, P. Y. Chen, M. Charmantier-Daures, P. P. Hwang* and F. Melzner . New insights into ion regulation of cephalopod molluscs: a role of epidermal ionocytes in acid-base regulation during embryogenesis. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 301, R1700-R1709., 2011. [JCR]　[WOS]
Yang, C. H., C. H. Cheng, C. D. Chen, W. H. Liao, Y. C. Chen, K. Y. Huang, P. P. Hwang, S. P. Hwang and C. J. Huang*. . Zona pellucida domain-containing protein β-tectorin is crucial for zebrafish proper inner ear development. PLoS One. 6, e23078, 2011. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lee, Y. C., J. J. Yan, S. Cruz, J. L. Horng and P. P. Hwang*. Anion exchanger 1b, but not sodiumbicarbonate cotransporter 1b, plays a role in transport functions of zebrafish H+ATPaserich cells. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 300, C295-C307, 2011. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tseng, Y. C., R. D. Chen, M. Lucassen, M. Schmidt, R. Dringen, D. Abele and P. P. Hwang. Exploring uncoupling proteins and anti‐oxidative stress mechanisms under acute cold exposure in brains of fish. PLoS ONE. 6, e18180, 2011. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tseng, Y. C., J. R. Lee and P. P. Hwang*. Functional analysis of the glucose transporters-1, -6, and -13.1 expressed by zebrafish epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 300, R321-R329, 2011. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lafont, A. G., Y. F. Wang, G. D. Chen, B. K. Liao, Y. C. Tseng, C. J. Huang and P. P. Hwang. Involvement of calcitonin and its receptor in the control of calcium regulatinggenes and calcium homeostasis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J. Bone Miner. Res.. 26, 1072-1083, 2011. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hwang P. P.,* T. H. Lee and L. Y. Lin. Ion regulation in fish gills: recent progresses in the cellular and molecular mechanisms. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 301, R28-R47, 2011. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chou, M. Y., J. C. Hung, L. C. Wu, S. P. L. Hwang and P. P. Hwang. Isotocin controls ion regulation through regulating ionocyte progenitor differentiation and proliferation. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 68, 2797-2809, 2011. [JCR]　[WOS]
Huang, K. Y., G. D. Chen, C. H. Cheng, K. Y. Liao, C. C. Hung, G. D. Chang, P. P. Hwang, S. Y. Lin, M. C. Tsai, K. H. Khoo, M. T. Lee and C. J. Huang*. Phosphorylation of the zebrafish M6Ab at serine 263 contributes to filopodium formation in PC12 cells and neurite outgrowth in zebrafish embryos. PLoS ONE. 6, e26461, 2011. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, C. H., I. L. Tsai, C. H. Su, D. Y. Tseng and P. P. Hwang* . Reverse effect of mammalian hypocalcemic cortisol in fish: cortisol stimulates Ca uptake via glucocorticoid receptor-mediated vitamin D3 metabolism. . PLoS ONE.. 6, e23689, 2011. [JCR]　[WOS]
Wu, S. C., J. L. Horng, S. T. Liu, P. P. Hwang, Z. H. Wen, C. S. Lin and L. Y. Lin. Ammonium dependent sodium uptake in mitochondrion rich cells of medaka (Oryzias latipes) larvae. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 298, C237-C250, 2010. [JCR]　[WOS]
Li, S. C., W. C. Chan, M. R. Ho, K. W. Tai, L. Y. Hu, C. H. Laim C. N. Hsu, P. P. Hwang and W. C. Lin. Discovery and characterization of medaka miRNA genes by next generation sequencing platform. BMC Genomics.. 11(S4), S8, 2010. [JCR]　[WOS]
Sung, S. C., C. H. Cheng, C. M. Chou, C. Y. Chu, G. D. Chen, P. P. Hwang, F. L. Huang and C. J. Huang. Expression and characterization of a constitutively active STAT6 from Tetraodon. . Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 28, 819-828, 2010. [JCR]　[WOS]
Cheng, C. H., G. D. Chen, M. S. Yeh, C. Y. Chu, Y. L. Hsu, P. P. Hwang, F. L. Huang and C. J. Huang. Expression and characterization of the JAK kinase and STAT protein from brine shrimp. Fish Shellfish Immunol. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 28, 774-782, 2010. [JCR]　[WOS]
Thermes, V., C. C. Lin and P. P. Hwang. Expression of Ol-foxi3 andNa+/K+ ATPase in ionocytes during the development of euryhaline medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. Gene Expr. Patterns. 10, 185-192, 2010. [JCR]　[WOS]
Cruz, A. A., Y. C. Tseng, H. Kaiya and P. P. Hwang. Ghrelin affects carbohydrate-glycogen metabolism via insulin inhibition and glucagon stimulation in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 156, 190-200, 2010. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chen, Y. C., B. K.Wu, C. Y. Chu, C. H. Cheng, H. W. Han, G. D. Chen, S. P. Hwang, K. Kawakami, P. P. Hwang, M. T. Lee, C. C. Chang and C. J. Huang*. Identification and characterization of alternative promoters of the zebrafish Rtn-4/Nogo genes in cultured cells and in zebrafish embryos. Nucleic Acids Research. 38, 4635-4650, 2010. [JCR]　[WOS]
Kang, C. K., H. J. Tsai, C. C. Liu, T. H. Lee, and P. P. Hwang. Salinitydependent expression of a Na+, K+, 2Cl cotransporter in gills of the brackish medaka Oryzias dancena: A molecular correlate for hyposmoregulatory endurance. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 157, 7-18, 2010. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hua, M. Y., H. Y. Yan, W. S. Chung, J. C. Shiao and P. P. Hwang. Acoustically evoked potentials in two cephalopods inferred using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) approach. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY. 153: 278‐83, 2009-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Liao, B.K., R. D. Chen and P. P. Hwang. Expression regulation of of Na‐K‐ATPase alpha 1 subunit subtypes in zebrafish gill ionocytes. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 296, R1897-R1906, 2009-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Inokuchi M., J. Hiroi, S. Watanabe, P. P. Hwang, T. Kenako. Morphological and functional classification of ion‐absorbing mitochondria‐rich cells in the gills of Mozambique tilapia. J. Exp. Biol.. 212: 1003‐1010, 2009-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Cruz, S., J. C. Shiao, B. K. Liao and P. P. Hwang. Plasma membrane calcium ATPase required for semicircular canal formation and otolith growth in the zebrafish inner ear . J. Exp. Biol.. 212(pt5), 639-647, 2009-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tseng, Y. C., R. D. Chen, J. R. Lee, S. T. Liu, S. J. Lee and P. P. Hwang. Specific Expression and regulation of glucose transporters in zebrafish ionocytes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY. 297: R275‐290., 2009-01. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tseng, D. Y., M. Y.Chou,Y. J. Tseng, C. D.Hsiao, C. J. Huang, T. Kaneko and P. P. Hwang* . Effects of stanniocalcin 1 on calcium uptake in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 296(3), R549-R557, 2009. [JCR]　[WOS]
J. L. Horng, L. Y. Lin and P. P. Hwang. Functional regulation of H+-ATPase-rich cells in zebrafish embryos acclimated to an acidic environment. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 296(4), C682-C692., 2009. [JCR]　[WOS]
P. P. Hwang. Ion uptake and acid-base regulation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J. Exp. Biol. 212(11):1745-1752, 2009. [JCR]　[WOS]
Wang, Y. F., Y. C. Tseng, J. J. Yan, J. Hiroi and P. P. Hwang* . Role of SLC12A10.2, a Na-Cl cotransporter-like protein, in a Cl uptake mechanism in zebrafish (Danio rerio) . Am. J. Physiol. Comparative/Integrative Physiology. 296(5), R1650-R1660, 2009. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chang, W. J., J. L. Horng, J. J. Yan, C. D. Hsiao, ad P. P. Hwang*. The transcription factor, glial cell missing 2, is involved in differentiation and functional regulation of H+-ATPase-rich cells in zebrafish (Danio rerio). . American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 296(4), R1192-R1201, 2009. [JCR]　[WOS]
Shih, T. H., J. L. Horng, P. P. Hwang and L. Y. Lin. Ammonia excretion by the skin of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 295, C1625-C1632, 2008. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, T. Y., B. K. Liao, J. L. Horng, J. J. Yan, C. D. Hsiao and P. P. Hwang. Carbonic anhydrase 2-like a and 15a are involved in acid-base regulation and Na+ uptake in zebrafish H+-ATPase-rich cells. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 294, C1250-C1260, 2008. [JCR]　[WOS]
Kang, C. K., S. C. Tsai, T. H. Lee and P. P. Hwang. Differential expression of branchial Na+/K+-ATPase of two medaka species, Oryzias latipes and Oryzias dancena, with different salinity tolerances acclimated to fresh water, brackish water and seawater. . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 151(4), 566-575, 2008. [JCR]　[WOS]
Shiao, J. C., S.M. Wu, Y. P. Hwang, D. P. Wu and P. P. Hwang*. Evaluation of thyroid-mediated otolith growth of larval and juvenile tilapia. Journal of Experimental Biology. 211, 1919-1926, 2008. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hiroi, J., S. Yasumasu, S. D. McCormick, P. P. Hwang and T. Kaneko. Evidence for an apical Na-Cl cotransporter involved in ion uptake in a teleost fish. J. Exp. Biol.. 211: 2584-2599., 2008. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chou, M. Y., C. D. Hsiao, S. C. Chen, I. W. Chen, S. T. Liu and P. P. Hwang*. Hypothermic effects on gene expressions in zebrafish gills: up-regulations in differentiation and function of ionocytes as compensatory responses. Journal of Experimental Biology. 211, 3077-3084, 2008. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lee, S. J., T. H. Chan, B. K. Lio, P. P. Hwang and H. Lee. LPA1 is essential for lymphatic vessel development in zebrafish. . FASEB J.. 22: 3706-3715., 2008. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tang, C. H., I. C. Chang, C. H. Chen, T. H. Lee and P. P. Hwang . Phenotypic changes in mitochondrion-rich cells and responses of Na+/K+-ATPase in gills of tilapia exposed to deionized water. Zoological Science. 25(2), 205-211, 2008. [JCR]　[WOS]
Y. C. Tseng and P. P. Hwang*. Some insights into energy metabolism for fish osmoregulation. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 148:419-429, 2008. [JCR]　[WOS]
C. D. Hsiao, M. S. You, Y. J. Guh, M. Ma, Y. J. Jiang and P. P. Hwang*. A positive regulatory loop between Foxi3a and Foxi3b is essential for specification and differentiation of zebrafish epidermal ionocytes. PLoS ONE. 2, e302, 2007. [JCR]　[WOS]
Liao, B. K., A. N. Deng, S. C. Chen, M. Y. Chou and P. P. Hwang. Expression and water calcium dependence of calcium transporter isoforms in zebrafish gill mitochondrion-rich cells. BMC Genomics.. 8, 354, 2007. [JCR]　[WOS]
Yan, J. J., M. Y. Chou, T. Kaneko, and P. P. Hwang*. Gene expression of Na+/H+ exchanger in zebrafish H+-ATPase-rich cells during acclimation to low-Na+ and acidic environments. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 293, C1814-C1823, 2007. [JCR]　[WOS]
Y. C. Tseng, C. J. Huang, J. C. Chang, W. Y. Teng, O. Baba, M. J. Fann and P. P. Hwang*. Glycogen phosphorylase in glycogen-rich clls is involved in energy supply for ion regulation in fish branchial epithelia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 293, R482-R491, 2007. [JCR]　[WOS]
J. L. Horng, L. Y. Lin, C. J. Huang, F. Katoh, T. Kaneko and P. P. Hwang*. Knockdown of V-ATPase subunit A (atp6v1a) impairs acid secretion and ion balance in zebrafish Danio rerio. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 292, R2068-R2076, 2007. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hwang, P. P.* and T. H. Lee. New insights into fish ion regulation and mitochondrion-rich cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 148, 479-497, 2007. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chang, J. C., S. M. Wu, Y. C. Tseng, Y.C. Lee, O. Baba and P. P. Hwang*. Regulation of glycogen metabolism in gills and liver of the euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) during acclimation to seawater. J. Exp. Biol.. 210, 3494-3504, 2007. [JCR]　[WOS]
Shahsavarani, A., B. McNeill, F. Galvez, C. M. Wood, G. G. Goss, P. P. Hwang and S. F. Perry. Characterization of a branchial epithelial calcium channel (ECaC) in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Exp. Biol.. 209, 1928-1943, 2006. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, L. Y., J. L. Horng, J. G. Kunkel and P. P. Hwang*. Proton pump-rich cell is secreting acid in skin of zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio). Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiology.. 290, C371-C378, 2006. [JCR]　[WOS]
Shiao, J. C., and P. P. Hwang*. Thyroid hormones are necessary for the metamorphosis of tarpon Megalops cyprinoides leptocephali. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.. 331, 121-132, 2006. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chen, Y. C., C. D. Hsiao, W. D. Lin, C. M. Hu, P. P. Hwnag* and J. M. Ho. ZooDDD: a cross-species database for digital differential display analysis. Bioinformatics. 22, 2180-2182, 2006. [JCR]　[WOS]
Marshall, C. R., T. C. Pan, H. D. Lee, A. Omelchenko, P. P. Hwang, L. V. Hryshko and G. F. Tibbits*. cDNA cloning and expression of cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger from Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis Mossambicus) reveals teleost membrane transporter with mammalian temperature dependence. J. Biol. Chem.. 280(32), 28903-28911, 2005-08. [JCR]　[WOS]
Pan, T. C., B. K. Liao, C. J. Huang and P. P. Hwang. Epithelial Ca2+ channel expression and Ca2+ uptake in developing zebrafish. Am. J. Physiol. Comparative/Integrative Physiology. 289, R1202-R1211, 2005. [JCR]　[WOS]
Shiao, J. C., L. Y. Lin, J. L. Horng, P. P. Hwang, and T. Kaneko. How can teleostean inner ear hair cells maintain the proper association with the accreting otolith?. J. Comp. Neuro.. 488, 331-341, 2005. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chang, I. C., and P. P. Hwang*. Cl- uptake mechanism in freshwater-adapted tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Physiol. Biochem. Zool.. 77, 406-414, 2004. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, L. Y., and P. P. Hwang*. Mitochondria-rich cell activity in the yolk-sac membrane of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae acclimatized to different ambient chloride levels. J. Exp. Biol.. 207,1335-1344, 2004. [JCR]　[WOS]
J. C. Shiao, P. P. Hwang. Thyroid hormones are necessary for teleostean otolith growth. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 278, 271-278, 2004. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lee, T. H*., S. H. Feng, C. H. Lin, Y. H. Hwang, C. L. Huang and P. P. Hwang. Ambient salinity modulates the expression of sodium pumps in branchial mitochondria-rich cells of mozambique Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Zool. Sci.. 20:29-36., 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
L. Y. Lin, C. C. Chiang, H. Y. Gong, C. Y. Cheng, P. P. Hwang and C. F. Weng. Cellular distributions of creatine kinase in branchia of euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) . Am J Physiol. 284, C233-C241, 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
Y. Y. Chen, F. I. Lu and P. P. Hwang. Comparisons of calcium regulation in fish larvae. J Exp Zoolog A Comp Exp Biol. 295A(2), 127-135, 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chen, Y, Y., F. I. Lu, and P. P. Hwang*. Comparisons of calcium regulation in fish larvae. J. Exp. Zool.. 295A, 127-135, 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
S. M. Wu, P. P. Hwang. Copper or cadmium pretreatment increase the protection against Cd-induced toxicity in tilapia larvae Oreochromis mossambicus. Zool Stud. 42, 179-185, 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
J. R. Hseu, F. I. Lu, H. M. Su, L. S. Wang, C. L. Tsai and P. P. Hwan+D2713g. Effect of exogenous tryptophan on cannibalism, survival and growth in juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Aquaculture. 218, 251-263, 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
Hseu, J. R., F. I. Lu, H. M. Su, L. S. Wang, C. L. Tsai, and P. P. Hwang*. Effect of exogenous tryptophan on cannibalism, survival, and growth in juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Aquaculture. 218, 251-263, 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
Y. E. Shieh, R. S. Tsai and P. P. Hwang. Morphological modification of mitochondria-rich cells of opercular epithelium in freshwater tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, acclimated to low chloride levels. Zool Stud. 42, 522-528, 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
I. C. Chang, Y. Y. Wei, F. I. Chou and P. P. Hwang. Stimulation of Cl- Uptake and Morphological Changes in Gill Mitochondria-Rich Cells in Freshwater Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Physiol Biochem Zool. 76, 544-552, 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
Chang, I. C., Y. Y. Wei, F. I. Chou and P. P. Hwang*. Stimulation of Cl- uptake and morphological changes in gill mitochondria-rich cells in freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Physiol. Biochem. Zool.. 76:544-552, 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
Lin, C.H., C.L. Hwang, C.H. Yang, T.H. Lee*, and P.P. Hwang. Time-course changes in the expression of Na, K-ATPase and the morphometry of mitochondrion-rich cells in gills of euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) during freshwater acclimation. J. Exp. Zool.. 301(1), 85-96., 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
C. H. Lin, C. L. Hwang, C. H. Yang, T. H. Lee and P. P. Hwang. Time-course changes in the expression of Na,K-ATPase and the morphometry of mitochondrion-rich cells in gills of euryhaline tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus during freshwater acclimation. J Exp Zoolog A Comp Exp Biol. 301, 85-96, 2003. [JCR]　[WOS]
C. F. Weng, C. C. Chiang, H. Y. Gong, M. H. Chen, C. J. Lin, P. P. Hwang and J. L. Wu. Acute branchial responses to salinity changes in the euryhaline teleost, tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Physiol Biochem Zool. 75, 29-36, 2002. [JCR]　[WOS]
I. C. Chang, T. H. Lee, H. C. Wu and P.P. Hwang. Effects of environmental Cl- levels on Cl- uptake and MR cells morphology in gills of the stenohaline, goldfish Carassius auratus. Zool Stud. 41, 236-243, 2002. [JCR]　[WOS]
S. M. Wu, Y. Y. Chou, A. M. Deng and P. P. Hwang. Effects of exogenous of cortisol and progesterone on metellothionein expression and tolerance to waterborne cadmium in tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Zool Stud. 41, 236-243, 2002. [JCR]　[WOS]
S. H. Feng, J. H. Leu, C. H. Yang, M. J. Fang, C. J. Huang and P. P. Hwang. Gene expression of Na+-K+-ATPase alpha 1 and 3 subunits in gills of the teleost, Oreochromis mossambicus, adapted to different environmental salinity. Marine Biotechnology. 4, 379-391, 2002. [JCR]　[WOS]
M. Y. Chou, C. H. Yang, F. I. Lu, H. C. Lin and P. P. Hwang. Modulation of calcium balance in tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus larvae acclimated to Low-calcium environments. J Comp Physiol [B]. 172, 109-114, 2002. [JCR]　[WOS]
L. Y. Lin and P. P. Hwang. Modification of morphology and function of integument mitochondria-rich cells in tilapia larvae. Physiol Biochem Zool. 74, 469-476, 2001. [JCR]　[WOS]
I. C. Chang, T. H. Lee, C. H. Yang, Y. Y. Wei, F. I. Chou and P. P. Hwang. Modulation in morphology and function of gill mitochondria-rich cells in fish acclimated to different environments. Physiol Biochem Zool. 74, 111-119, 2001. [JCR]　[WOS]
L. Y. Lin, C. F. Weng and P. P. Hwang. Regulation of drinking rate in euryhaline tilapia larvae Oreochromis mossambicus during salinity challenges. Physiol Biochem Zool. 74, 171-177, 2001. [JCR]　[WOS]
T. H. Lee, P. P. Hwang, Y.E. Shieh and C.H. Lin. The relationship between "deep-hole" mitochondria-rich cells and salinity adaptation in the euryhaline teleost, Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Physiol Biochem. 23, 133-140, 2001. [JCR]　[WOS]
C. F. Weng, H. Y. Gong, J. L. Wu, C. L. Hew and P. P. Hwang. Antagonizing effects of type I antifreeze protein on Ca2+ uptake in fish TO-2 cells. Zool Stud. 39, 144-150, 2000. [JCR]　[WOS]
L. Y. Lin, C. F. Weng and P. P. Hwang. Effects of cortisol and salinity challenge on water balance in developing larvae of tilapia. Physiol Biochem Zool. 73, 283-289, 2000. [JCR]　[WOS]
H. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu and P. P. Hwang. Maternal effect on cadmium tolerance in larval tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. J Fish Biol. 57, 239-249, 2000. [JCR]　[WOS]
S. M. Wu, C. F. Weng, J. C. Huang, C. J. Huang and P. P. Hwang. Metallothionein induction in early larval stages of tilapia. Physiol Biochem Zool. 73, 531-537, 2000. [JCR]　[WOS]
J. H. Leu, S. J. Yan, T. F. Lee, C. M. Chou, S. T. Chen, P. P. Hwang, C. K. Chou and C. J. Huang. The complete genomic organization and promter analysis of the round-spotted pufferfish JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 genes. DNA Cell Biol. 19, 431-446, 2000. [JCR]　[WOS]
S. M. Wu, C. F. Weng, M. J. Yu, C. C. Lin, S. T. Chen, J. C. Hwang and P. P. Hwang. Cadmium-Inducible Metallothionein in Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 62, 758-768, 1999. [JCR]　[WOS]
G. R. Lin, C. F. Weng, J. I. Wang and P. P. Hwang. Effects of cortisol on ion regulation in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae on seawater adaptation. Physiol Biochem Zool. 72, 397-404, 1999. [JCR]　[WOS]
H. C. Lin, P. P. Hwang and T. H. Lee. Mitochondria-rich cells in the embryonic yolk sac of Oreochromis mossambicus. J Fish Biol. 54, 648-655, 1999. [JCR]　[WOS]
P. P. Hwang, T. H. Lee, C. F. Weng, M. J. Fang and G. Y. Cho. Presence of Na-K-ATPase in mitochondria-rich cells in yolk-sac epithelium of larvae of the teleost,Oreochromis mossambicus. Physiol Biochem Zool. 72, 138-144, 1999. [JCR]　[WOS]
Shih, S. W., J. J. Yan, Y. L. M. Y. Chou and (P. P. Hwang*). Recent progress and debates in molecular physiology of Na+ uptake in teleosts. FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE. , 2023. [JCR]　[WOS]
Tseng, Y. C., J. J. Yan, F. Furukawa and P. P. Hwang.*. Energy metabolism under acidic stress: The evolutionary pressure for Preferential utilization of Na+/H+ exchanger-mediated ammonia excretion to cope with acidic stress during evolution of in fishes?. BioEssays. , . [JCR]　[WOS]

Book 7

Hwang P. P.,* and L. Y. Lin Gill ion transport, acid-base regulation and nitrogen excretion. In: EvansD, Claiborne JB and Currie S (eds.) The Physiology of Fishes. (in press), 2013.
Hwang, P. P. Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology. 1359–1365, 2011.
Hwang, P. P. Mechanisms of Ion transport in Freshwater fishes. In: Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: from genome to environment. pp 1359-1365, 2011.
Hwang PP* and Perry SF Fish Physiology. 33, 2010.
Kunkel, J. G., L. Y. Lin, Y. Xu, A. M. M. Prado, J. A. Feijó, P. P. Hwang, and P. K. Hepler. The strategic use of good buffers to measure proton gradients about growing pollen tubes. In Cell Biology of Plant and Fungal Tip Growth. 14, 2001.
Cheng, P. C., P. P. Hwang, J. L. Wu, G. Wang and H. Kim Focus on multidimensional microscopy. Vol.1. Instrumentation. 320, 1999.
Cheng, P. C., P. P. Hwang, J. L. Wu, G. Wang and H. Kim Focus on multidimensional microscopy. Vol.2. Biological and material applications. 340, 1999.